1. Schirbel A, Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: Established and evolving considerations on its etiopathogenesis and therapy. J Dig Dis 2010;11:266–276.
  
 
2. Solberg IC, Lygren I, Jahnsen J, et al.; IBSEN Study Group. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:431–440.
  
 
3. Shanahan F. Crohn’s disease. Lancet 2002;359:62–69.
  
 
4. Vavricka SR, Schoepfer A, Scharl M, Lakatos PL, Navarini A, Rogler G. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:1982–1992.
  
  
 
5. Agrawal M, Christensen HS, Bøgsted M, Colombel JF, Jess T, Allin KH. The rising burden of inflammatory bowel disease in denmark over two decades: a nationwide cohort study. Gastroenterology 2022;163:1547–1554.e5.
  
  
 
6. Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 2017;390:2769–2778.
  
 
7. Kuenzig ME, Fung SG, Marderfeld L, et al.; InsightScope Pediatric IBD Epidemiology Group. Twenty-first century trends in the global epidemiology of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review. Gastroenterology 2022;162:1147–1159.e4.
  
 
8. Brand EC, Klaassen MAY, Gacesa R, et al.; Dutch TWIN-IBD consortium and the Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis. Healthy cotwins share gut microbiome signatures with their inflammatory bowel disease twins and unrelated patients. Gastroenterology 2021;160:1970–1985.
 
9. Halme L, Paavola-Sakki P, Turunen U, Lappalainen M, Farkkila M, Kontula K. Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3668–3672.
  
  
 
10. Kim ES, Tarassishin L, Eisele C, et al.; Mount Sinai Road to Prevention Study Group. Longitudinal changes in fecal calprotectin levels among pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease and their babies. Gastroenterology 2021;160:1118–1130.e3.
  
 
11. Lopes EW, Chan SSM, Song M, et al.; EPIC-IBD investigators. Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2023;72:1093–1100.
  
  
 
12. Faye AS, Allin KH, Iversen AT, et al. Antibiotic use as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease across the ages: a population-based cohort study. Gut 2023;72:663–670.
  
  
 
13. Levine A, Sigall Boneh R, Wine E. Evolving role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut 2018;67:1726–1738.
  
 
14. Chapman-Kiddell CA, Davies PS, Gillen L, Radford-Smith GL. Role of diet in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:137–151.
  
 
15. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. C-reactive protein as a marker for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:661–665.
  
 
16. Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, et al.; IBSEN Study Group. C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut 2008;57:1518–1523.
  
 
17. Muscatell KA, Brosso SN, Humphreys KL. Socioeconomic status and inflammation: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2020;25:2189–2199.
  
  
  
 
18. Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:670–676.
  
 
19. Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB, Nöthlings U. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2013;71:511–527.
  
 
20. Lu FB, Hu ED, Xu LM, et al. The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;12:491–502.
  
 
21. Kim S, Song S, Kim YS, Yang SY, Lee JE. The association between predicted inflammatory status and colorectal adenoma. Sci Rep 2020;10:2433.
  
  
  
 
22. Okekunle AP, Youn J, Song S, et al. Predicted pro-inflammatory hs-CRP score and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023;11:goad059.
  
  
  
 
23. Passarella A, Grewal P, Vrabie R. Diagnosis and monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: who, when, where, and how. In: Rajapakse R, ed. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology. Cham: Humana, 2021:25-59.
24. Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut 2006;55:749–753.
  
  
 
25. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1575–1581.
 
26. WHO ExpertConsultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363:157–163.
  
 
27. Hu FB, Rimm E, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:243–249.
  
 
28. Chung GE, Youn J, Kim YS, et al. Dietary patterns are associated with the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults. Nutrition 2019;62:32–38.
  
 
29. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2020;75:1334–1357.
  
 
30. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022;45(Suppl 1):S17–S38.
  
  
 
31. Health Examinees Study Group. The Health Examinees (HEXA) study: rationale, study design and baseline characteristics. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:1591–1597.
  
 
32. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Kivimaki M, Akbaraly T. Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, Dietary Inflammatory Index and risk of mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study and meta-analysis of previous Dietary Inflammatory Index and mortality studies. Br J Nutr 2017;118:210–221.
  
 
33. Zhang J, Feng Y, Yang X, et al. Dose-response association of dietary inflammatory potential with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Adv Nutr 2022;13:1834–1845.
  
  
  
 
34. Namazi N, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Association between the dietary inflammatory index and the incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health 2018;164:148–156.
  
 
35. Jayedi A, Emadi A, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary inflammatory index and site-specific cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2018;9:388–403.
  
  
 
36. Li D, Hao X, Li J, et al. Dose-response relation between dietary inflammatory index and human cancer risk: evidence from 44 epidemiologic studies involving 1,082,092 participants. Am J Clin Nutr 2018;107:371–388.
  
 
37. Troeschel AN, Byrd DA, Judd S, Flanders WD, Bostick RM. Associations of dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores with mortality due to CVD, cancer, and all causes among Black and White American men and women. Br J Nutr 2023;129:523–534.
  
  
 
38. Liu A, Lv H, Tan B, et al. Accuracy of the highly sensitive C-reactive protein/albumin ratio to determine disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100:e25200.
  
  
 
39. Magro F, Magalhães D, Patita M, et al.; GEDII. Subclinical persistent inflammation as risk factor for Crohn’s disease progression: findings from a prospective real-world study of 2 years. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:2059–2073.e7.
  
 
40. Click B, Vargas EJ, Anderson AM, et al. Silent Crohn’s disease: asymptomatic patients with elevated C-reactive protein are at risk for subsequent hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:2254–2261.
 
41. Lo CH, Lochhead P, Khalili H, et al. Dietary inflammatory potential and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2020;159:873–883.e1.
  
  
 
42. Narula N, Wong ECL, Dehghan M, et al. Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2021;374:n1554.
  
  
 
43. Chen J, Wellens J, Kalla R, et al. Intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increased risk of Crohn’s disease: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis of 187 154 participants in the UK Biobank. J Crohns Colitis 2023;17:535–552.
  
  
  
 
44. Bolte LA, Vich Vila A, Imhann F, et al. Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome. Gut 2021;70:1287–1298.
  
  
 
45. Liu Z, Liu R, Gao H, et al. Genetic architecture of the inflammatory bowel diseases across East Asian and European ancestries. Nat Genet 2023;55:796–806.
  
 
         
        
Comments (0)