Background Short-form video (SFV) platforms such as TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts dominate digital engagement, especially among Generation Z. Their rapid, algorithm-driven, and emotionally charged design raises unique concerns about potential impacts on cognitive functions and mental health. Despite growing public discourse, evidence remains fragmented.

Methods We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines. Eight databases (2014–2024) were searched, including PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL. Eligible studies investigated the effects of SFV use on cognitive mechanisms (e.g., attention, executive function, memory, emotional regulation) and mental health outcomes among adults aged 18–29. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist, and the findings were narratively synthesised.

Results Of 519,101 initial records, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. High-frequency SFV use was consistently associated with attentional disruption, reduced executive functioning, and emotional dysregulation. Several studies reported increased anxiety and compulsive use, though findings were heterogeneous. Self-regulatory capacity emerged as a potential moderator. However, evidence was limited by a reliance on cross-sectional designs, self-report measures, and inconsistent operationalisation of cognitive outcomes.

Conclusion SFV use may adversely affect cognitive control and emotional regulation in Generation Z, contributing to heightened risks for anxiety and compulsive behaviours. Given methodological limitations in the current literature, further longitudinal and experimental research is urgently needed. A qualitative follow-up study will explore users’ lived experiences, informing the development of a tailored assessment tool. These findings hold implications for digital psychiatry, public health guidance, and intervention design in young adult populations.

What is already known on this topic

Short-form video platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels are widely used by Generation Z.

Concerns have been raised about their potential impact on attention, executive function, and mental health.

Existing research is fragmented, with inconsistent findings and a lack of longitudinal evidence.

What this study adds

This is the first systematic review synthesising evidence across cognitive mechanisms and mental health outcomes in relation to SFV use.

Frequent SFV use is associated with attentional disruption, reduced executive function, emotional dysregulation, and increased anxiety/compulsive use.

Self-regulatory capacity may moderate these effects, suggesting individual differences in vulnerability.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policy

Highlights the need for longitudinal and experimental studies to clarify causality.

Supports development of targeted public health messaging around digital self-regulation for young adults.

Provides a foundation for psychiatry, psychology, and education sectors to address cognitive and emotional risks linked to SFV platforms.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This work was supported by Coventry University as part of Sara Arouch's PhD studentship. The authors received no additional funding from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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