Simon DK, Tanner CM, Brundin P (2020) Parkinson disease epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and pathophysiology. Clin Geriatr Med 36(1):1–12

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parkinson J (2002) An essay on the shaking palsy 1817. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14(2):223–236

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kano O, Tsuda H, Hayashi A, Arai M (2022) Rasagiline as adjunct to levodopa for treatment of parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsons Dis 2022:4216452

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balestrino R, Schapira AHV (2020) Parkinson disease. Eur J Neurol 27(1):27–42

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Church FC (2021) Treatment options for motor and non-motor symptoms of parkinson’s disease. Biomolecules 11(4):612

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohammad ME, Vizcarra JA, Garcia X, Patel S, Margolius A, Yu XX et al (2021) Impact of behavioral side effects on the management of Parkinson patients treated with dopamine agonists. Clin Park Relat Disord 4:100091

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan YY, Jenner P, Chen SD (2022) Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors for the treatment of parkinson’s disease: past, present, and future. J Parkinsons Dis 12(2):477–493

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller T (2020) Safinamide in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 10(4):195–204

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahlskog JE (2005) The parkinson’s disease treatment book. Oxford University Press, New York NY

Book  Google Scholar 

Parkinson Study Group (1989) Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 321(20):1364–1371

Article  Google Scholar 

Rabey JM, Sagi I, Huberman M, Melamed E, Korczyn A, Giladi N et al (2000) Rasagiline mesylate, a new MAO-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind study as adjunctive therapy to levodopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 23(6):324–330

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Youdim MB, Gross A, Finberg JP (2001) Rasagiline [N-propargyl-1R(+)-aminoindan], a selective and potent inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase B. Br J Pharmacol 132(2):500–506

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 21(339):b2535–b2535

Article  Google Scholar 

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I et al (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 28(366):l4898

Article  Google Scholar 

McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT (2021) Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Synth Methods 12(1):55–61

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahzad F, Shahzad F, Khan A, Waqar Z, Hafeez E, Shami B, et al. 2025 The Safety and Efficacy of Adjunctive Lacosamide for Partial-onset Seizures; a Meta-Analysis (P12–9.007). Neurology;104(7_Supplement_1)

Shahzad F, Ahmed U, Muhammad A, Shahzad F, Naufil SI, Sukkari MW et al (2024) Safety and efficacy of desmopressin (DDAVP) in preventing hematoma expansion in intracranial hemorrhage associated with antiplatelet drugs use: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Brain Behav 14(5):e3540

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hauser RA, Stocchi F, Rascol O, Huyck SB, Capece R, Ho TW et al (2015) Preladenant as an adjunctive therapy with levodopa in parkinson disease: two randomized clinical trials and lessons learned. JAMA Neurol 72(12):1491–1500

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Shao M, Chen S, Liu C, Peng R, Li Y et al (2018) Adjunct rasagiline to treat Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations: a randomized, double-blind study in China. Transl Neurodegener 7:14

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hauser RA, Silver D, Choudhry A, Eyal E, Isaacson S, ANDANTE study investigators (2014) Randomized, controlled trial of rasagiline as an add-on to dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 29(8):1028–1034

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hattori N, Tsuboi Y, Yamamoto A, Sasagawa Y, Nomoto M, ME2125-3 Study Group (2020) Efficacy and safety of safinamide as an add-on therapy to L-DOPA for patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II/III study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 75:17–23

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei Q, Tan Y, Xu P, Tao E, Lu Z, Pan X et al (2022) The XINDI study: a randomized phase III clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of safinamide as add-on therapy to levodopa in chinese patients with parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations. CNS Drugs 36(11):1217–1227

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin X, Zhou H, Zhang C et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa treatment in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, multi-centre trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16(7):1529–1537

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stocchi F, Arnold G, Onofrj M, Kwiecinski H, Szczudlik A, Thomas A et al (2004) Improvement of motor function in early Parkinson disease by safinamide. Neurology 63(4):746–748

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parkinson Study Group (2005) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol 62(2):241–248

Article  Google Scholar 

Cattaneo C, Sardina M, Bonizzoni E (2016) Safinamide as add-on therapy to levodopa in mid- to late-stage parkinson’s disease fluctuating patients: post hoc analyses of studies 016 and SETTLE. J Parkinsons Dis 6(1):165–173

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nayak L, Henchcliffe C (2008) Rasagiline in treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 4(1):23–32

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P et al (2008) Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 23(15):2129–2170

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aboulatta L, Haidar L, Abou-Setta A, Askin N, Rabbani R, Lavu A et al (2023) Efficacy and safety of MAO-B inhibitors safinamide and zonisamide in parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CNS Drugs 37(11):941–956

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt M, Chirilineau D et al (2014) Randomized trial of safinamide add-on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 29(2):229–237

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hattori N, Takeda A, Takeda S, Nishimura A, Kato M, Mochizuki H et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of adjunctive rasagiline in Japanese Parkinson’s disease patients with wearing-off phenomena: a phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 53:21–27

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulisevsky J, Martínez-Horta S, Campolongo A, Pascual-Sedano B, Marín-Lahoz J, Bejr-Kasem H et al (2022) A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of safinamide on apathetic non-demented patients with parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 13:866502

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller T, Foley P (2017) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of safinamide. Clin Pharmacokinet 56(3):251–261

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdelalem Aziz AM (2019) A systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of safinamide for motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson’s disease. F1000Res 8:2078

Article