H. Sun, P. Saeedi, S. Karuranga, M. Pinkepank, K. Ogurtsova, B.B. Duncan, C. Stein, A. Basit, J. Chan, J.C. Mbanya, M.E. Pavkov, A. Ramachandaran, S.H. Wild, S. James, W.H. Herman, P. Zhang, C. Bommer, S. Kuo, E.J. Boyko, D.J. Magliano, IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 183, 109119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Budreviciute, S. Damiati, D.K. Sabir, K. Onder, P. Schuller-Goetzburg, G. Plakys, A. Katileviciute, S. Khoja, R. Kodzius, Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk Factors. Front. Public. Health 8, 574111 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

E. Vounzoulaki, K. Khunti, S.C. Abner, B.K. Tan, M.J. Davies, C.L. Gillies, Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 369, m1361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1361.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, L. Liu, W. Liu, Risk factors associated with early postpartum glucose intolerance in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 82(3), 498–512 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-023-03472-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

X.Q. Mo, Z.L. Wang, X.P. Cao, H.P. Xiao, Y.B. Li, The relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus risk factors and early-onset postpartum glucose metabolism abnormalities. J. Sun Yat-sen. Univ. 32(6), 791–794 (2011).

Google Scholar 

M. Hod, A. Kapur, D.A. Sacks, E. Hadar, M. Agarwal, G.C. Di Renzo, L. Cabero Roura, H.D. McIntyre, J.L. Morris, H. Divakar, The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 131(Suppl 3), S173–S211 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30033-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obstetrics Group of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association., Perinatal Medicine Branch of the Chinese Medical Association., and the Professional Committee of Maternal Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes of the China Maternal and Child Health Association, Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (2022) [Part Two]. Chin. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 57(2), 81–90 (2022).

Google Scholar 

Z. Li, Y. Cheng, D. Wang, H. Chen, H. Chen, W.K. Ming, Z. Wang, Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women. J. Diabetes Res. 2020, 3076463 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3076463.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Rayanagoudar, A.A. Hashi, J. Zamora, K.S. Khan, G.A. Hitman, S. Thangaratinam, Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women. Diabetologia 59(7), 1403–1411 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3927-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

L. Tang, S. Xu, P. Li, L. Li, Predictors of insulin treatment during pregnancy and Abnormal postpartum glucose metabolism in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 12, 2655–2665 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S233554.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y. Wei, J. Juan, R. Su, G. Song, X. Chen, R. Shan, Y. Li, S. Cui, S. Fan, L. Feng, Z. You, H. Meng, Y. Cai, C. Zhang, H. Yang, Risk of gestational diabetes recurrence and the development of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes and risk factors: a study among 18 clinical centers in China. Chin. Med. J. 135(6), 665–671 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002036.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M.Q. Zhao, W. Zhou, S.F. Liu, Analysis of the correlation between gestational diabetes mellitus risk factors and early-onset postpartum glucose metabolism abnormalities. J. Practical Med. 30(2), 254–256 (2014).

Google Scholar 

X.P. Cao, H.P. Xiao, S.J. Chen, Z.L. Wang, Y.F. Zhan, The relationship between postpartum glucose metabolism abnormalities in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and deficiency of pancreatic beta cell function. Chin. J. Clinicians 1(6), 452–455 (2007).

Google Scholar 

A. Liberati, D.G. Altman, J. Tetzlaff, C. Mulrow, P.C. Gøtzsche, J.P. Ioannidis, M. Clarke, P.J. Devereaux, J. Kleijnen, D. Moher, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 6(7), e1000100 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A. Stang, Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 25(9), 603–605 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rostom, A., Dubé, C., Cranney, A., Saloojee, N., Sy, R., Garritty C., Sampson M., Zhang L., Yazdi F., Mamaladze V., Pan I., McNeil J., Moher D., Mack D., Patel D. Celiac disease. Evid. Rep. Assess, (104), 1–6 (2004). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK35149/.

B. Bhavadharini, R.M. Anjana, M.M. Mahalakshmi, K. Maheswari, A. Kayal, R. Unnikrishnan, H. Ranjani, L. Ninov, S.D. Pastakia, S. Usha, B. Malanda, A. Belton, R. Uma, V. Mohan, Glucose tolerance status of Asian Indian women with gestational diabetes at 6weeks to 1year postpartum (WINGS-7). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 117, 22–27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.050.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Ekelund, N. Shaat, P. Almgren, L. Groop, K. Berntorp, Prediction of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 53(3), 452–457 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1621-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O.S. Kerimoğlu, S. Yalvaç, D. Karçaaltınçaba, O. Kandemir, Incidence of diabetes mellitus at postpartum six to twelve months following the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Turkish Ger. Gynecol. Assoc. 11(2), 89–94 (2010). https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2010.06.

Article  Google Scholar 

S. Lim, S.H. Choi, Y.J. Park, K.S. Park, H.K. Lee, H.C. Jang, N.H. Cho, B.E. Metzger, Visceral fatness and insulin sensitivity in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 30(2), 348–353 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1405.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S.J. Yang, S.Y. Hwang, S.H. Baik, K.W. Lee, M.S. Nam, Y.S. Park, J.T. Woo, Y.S. Kim, S. Park, S.Y. Park, C.H. Yim, H.K. Yoon, S.H. Kim, Serum magnesium level is associated with type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Korea National Diabetes Program study. J. Korean Med. Sci. 29(1), 84–89 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

X.M. Hu, X.M. Xia, A prospective cohort study on related factors of postpartum blood glucose outcome in gestational diabetes of primipara. China Matern. Child. Health Care 38(7), 1266–1269 (2023).

CAS  Google Scholar 

N. Su, G.Y. Wang, D.X. Fu, J.X. Xu, L.X. Wang, N.N. Guo, Y.N. Zhang, Postpartum glucose metabolism outcomes and influencing factors analysis in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Med. Clin. Res 9, 1725–1727 (2013).

Google Scholar 

B.H. Qi, Y.J. Zhang, B.X. Xiao, Y.H. Li, W. Yv, L. L, W.J. Analysis of the postpartum glucosemetabolism outcome and its related factors in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Guangdong. Med. J 32, 2392–2394 (2011).

R.D. Zhu, H.Q. He, L.L. Cheng, Analysis of the conversion and the influence factors of glucose metabolism of women with gestational diabetes mellitus 1 year after delivery. Chin. J. Fam. Plan. 29(11), 2336–2340 (2021).

Google Scholar 

M.G. Dalfrà, A. Lapolla, M. Masin, G. Giglia, B. Dalla Barba, R. Toniato, D. Fedele, Antepartum and early postpartum predictors of type 2 diabetes development in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 27(6), 675–680 (2001).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Kasuga, K. Miyakoshi, A. Tajima, Y. Saisho, S. Ikenoue, D. Ochiai, T. Matsumoto, N. Arata, K. Hata, M. Tanaka, Clinical and genetic characteristics of abnormal glucose tolerance in Japanese women in the first year after gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Investig. 10(3), 817–826 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12935.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.L. Nelson, M.H. Le, Z. Musherraf, A. Vanberckelaer, Intermediate-term glucose tolerance in women with a history of gestational diabetes: natural history and potential associations with breastfeeding and contraception. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198(6), 699 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.029.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

J. Zhu, W.N. Gao, C. Liu, Z.G. Yang, Gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risk factors for postpartum glucose metabolism abnormalities: analysis of predictive value of mid-pregnancy serum Selenoprotein P. J. Zhengzhou Univ. 54(5), 750–753 (2019).

Google Scholar 

V. Bartáková, B. Barátová, L. Pácal, V. Ťápalová, S. Šebestová, P. Janků, K. Kaňková, Development of a new risk score for stratification of women with gestational diabetes mellitus at high risk of persisting postpartum glucose intolerance using routinely assessed parameters. Life 11(6), 464 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/life11060464.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

H. Wahabi, Prevalence and risk factors for glucose intolerance among saudi women with gestational diabetes. J. Diabetes Res. 2018, 4282347 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4282347.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

H. Wahabi, A. Fayed, S. Tunkar, H. Bakhsh, A.M. Al-Hazmi, S. Esmaeil, A.R. Siddiqui, Incidence and contributing factors of glucose intolerance in Saudi postpartum women: sub-group analysis from RAHMA study. PLoS One 14(1), e0210024 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210024.

Article  CAS