Krueger VS, Shigley C, Bokshan SL, Owens BD. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament: diagnosis and management. JBJS Rev. 2022;10(2):e2100140. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00140.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thacher RR, Varady NH, Khilnani T, Camp CL, Dines JS. Current concepts on the management of shoulder instability in throwing athletes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2024;17(9):353–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-024-09910-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nicola T. Anterior dislocation of the shoulder: the role of the articular capsule. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1942;24(3):614–6.

Google Scholar 

Wolf EM, Cheng JC, Dickson K. Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 1995;11(5):600–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-8063(95)90139-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bui-Mansfield LT, Taylor DC, Uhorchak JM, Tenuta JJ. Humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: imaging features and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(3):649–55. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.179.3.1790649.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liavaag S, Stiris MG, Svenningsen S, Enger M, Pripp AH, Brox JI. Capsular lesions with glenohumeral ligament injuries in patients with primary shoulder dislocation: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance arthrography evaluation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(6):e291–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01282.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bui-Mansfield LT, Banks KP, Taylor DC. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(11):1960–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507301081.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taljanovic MS, Nisbet JK, Hunter TB, Cohen RP, Rogers LF. Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in college female volleyball players caused by repetitive microtrauma. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(5):1067–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510391155.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicholson TC, Sandler AB, Georger LA, Klahs KJ, Scanaliato JP, Hettrich CM, et al. Patients return to sport after repair of anterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesions: a systematic review. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024;4(3):359–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.04.012.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

George MS, Khazzam M, Kuhn JE. Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(3):127–33. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201103000-00001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patzkowski JC, Dickens JF, Cameron KL, Bokshan SL, Garcia EJ, Owens BD. Pathoanatomy of Shoulder Instability in Collegiate Female Athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(8):1909–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519850810.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bokor DJ, Conboy VB, Olson C. Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(1):93–6. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.81b1.9111.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMahon PJ, Dettling J, Sandusky MD, Tibone JE, Lee TQ. The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament Assessment of its permanent deformation and the anatomy of its glenoid attachment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(3):406–13. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.81b3.9153.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gagey OJ, Gagey N. The hyperabduction test. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(1):69–74. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.83b1.10628.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freshman RD, Zhang AL, Benjamin Ma C, Feeley BT, Ortiz S, Patel J, et al. Factors associated with humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament lesions in patients with anterior shoulder instability: an analysis of the moon shoulder instability cohort. Orthop J Sports Med. 2023;11(10):23259671231206756. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231206757.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oberlander MA, Morgan BE, Visotsky JL. The BHAGL lesion: a new variant of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 1996;12(5):627–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-8063(96)90205-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maldjian C, Khanna V, Bradley J, Adam R. Evaluation of contrast extravasation as a diagnostic criterion in the evaluation of arthroscopically proven HAGL/pHAGL lesions. Radiol Res Pract. 2014;2014:283575. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/283575.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Omoumi P, Teixeira P, Lecouvet F, Chung CB. Glenohumeral joint instability. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(1):2–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22343.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magee T. Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(3):307–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-013-1778-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

White AE, Patel NK, Hadley CJ, Dodson CC. An Algorithmic Approach to the Management of Shoulder Instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2019;3(12):e19.00168. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00168.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clifford AL, Hurley E, Doyle TR, Dickens JF, Anakwenze OA, Klifto CS. Treatment of anterior shoulder instability: a comprehensive review. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2024;6(5):610–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.04.013.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Longo UG, Rizzello G, Ciuffreda M, Locher J, Berton A, Salvatore G, et al. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(9):1868–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelson C, Reiter C, Cyrus J, Satalich J, O’Connell R, Vap A. Indications, management, and outcomes of humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: a systematic review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37830. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.37830.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bozzo A, Oitment C, Thornley P, Yan J, Habib A, Hoppe DJ, et al. Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament: indications for surgical treatment and outcomes-a systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(8):2325967117723329. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117723329.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ernat JJ, Bottoni CR Jr, Rowles DJ. Successful Nonoperative Management of HAGL (Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral Ligament) Lesion With Concurrent Axillary Nerve Injury in an Active-Duty US Navy SEAL. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016;45(5):E236–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murphy DT, Koulouris GC, Gopez AG, Kavanagh EC (2009) Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):W74–5; author reply W6. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.2228.

Melvin JS, Mackenzie JD, Nacke E, Sennett BJ, Wells L. MRI of HAGL lesions: four arthroscopically confirmed cases of false-positive diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(3):730–4. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.3631.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Southgate DF, Bokor DJ, Longo UG, Wallace AL, Bull AM. The effect of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments and humeral repair site on joint laxity: a biomechanical study. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(6):990–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.02.021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park KJ, Tamboli M, Nguyen LY, McGarry MH, Lee TQ. A large humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments decreases stability that can be restored with repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(8):2372–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3476-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Godin JA, Sanchez G, Kennedy NI, Ferrari MB, Provencher MT. Open repair of an anterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(4):e1367–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2017.05.019.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cross AG, Tramer JS, Guo EW, Muh SJ, Makhni EC. Arthroscopic repair of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion with capsular plication in the lateral decubitus position. Arthrosc Tech. 2021;10(2):e569–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2020.10.042.