Matz H, Munir D, Logue J, Dooley H. The immunoglobulins of cartilaginous fishes. Dev Comp Immunol. 2020;115: 103873.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasalic D, Weber B, Giannone C, Anelli T, Müller R, Fagioli C, et al. A peptide extension dictates IgM assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114:E8575–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller R, Gräwert MA, Kern T, Madl T, Peschek J, Sattler M, et al. High-resolution structures of the IgM Fc domains reveal principles of its hexamer formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110:10183–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Lalla C, Fagioli C, Cessi FS, Smilovich D, Sitia R. Biogenesis and function of IgM: the role of the conserved μ-chain tailpiece glycans. Mol Immunol. 1998;35:837–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sitia R, Neuberger M, Alberini C, Bet P, Fra A, Valetti C, et al. Developmental regulation of IgM secretion: the role of the carboxy-terminal cysteine. Cell. 1990;60:781–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar N, Arthur CP, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML. Structure of the human secretory immunoglobulin M core. Structure. 2021;29:564-571.e3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michaud E, Mastrandrea C, Rochereau N, Paul S. Human secretory IgM: an elusive player in mucosal immunity. Trends Immunol. 2020;41:141–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boes M. Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses. Mol Immunol. 2000;37:1141–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisen HN. Affinity enhancement of antibodies: how low-affinity antibodies produced early in immune responses are followed by high-affinity antibodies later and in memory B-cell responses. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:381–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsumoto ML. Molecular mechanisms of multimeric assembly of IgM and IgA. Annu Rev Immunol. 2022;40:1–27.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Wang G, Li N, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Chu H, et al. Structural insights into immunoglobulin M. Science. 2020;367:1014–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giannone C, Mess X, He R, Chelazzi MR, Mayer A, Bakunts A, et al. How J-chain ensures the assembly of immunoglobulin IgM pentamers. EMBO J. 2025;44:505–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharp TH, Boyle AL, Diebolder CA, Kros A, Koster AJ, Gros P. Insights into IgM-mediated complement activation based on in situ structures of IgM-C1-C4b. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116:11900–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA. The importance of natural IgM: scavenger, protector and regulator. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:778–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis AG, Gupta S. Primary selective IgM deficiency: an ignored immunodeficiency. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014;46:104–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boes M, Esau C, Fischer MB, Schmidt T, Carroll M, Chen J. Enhanced B-1 cell development, but impaired IgG antibody responses in mice deficient in secreted IgM. J Immunol. 1998;160:4776–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boes M, Schmidt T, Linkemann K, Beaudette BC, Marshak-Rothstein A, Chen J. Accelerated development of IgG autoantibodies and autoimmune disease in the absence of secreted IgM. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97:1184–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berentsen S. Role of complement in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Transfus Med Hemotherapy. 2015;42:303–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brodsky RA. Complement in hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2015;126:2459–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castro CD, Flajnik MF. Putting J chain back on the map: how might its expression define plasma cell development? J Immunol. 2014;193:3248–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erlandsson L, Andersson K, Sigvardsson M, Lycke N, Leanderson T. Mice with an inactivated joining chain locus have perturbed IgM secretion. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:2355–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiersma EJ, Chen F, Bazin R, Collins C, Painter RH, Lemieux R, et al. Analysis of IgM structures involved in J chain incorporation. J Immunol. 1997;158:1719–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muraoka S, Shulman MJ. Structural requirements for IgM assembly and cytolytic activity. Effects of mutations in the oligosaccharide acceptor site at Asn402. J Immunol. 1989;142:695–701.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cortini M, Sitia R. ERp44 and ERGIC-53 synergize in coupling efficiency and fidelity of IgM polymerization and secretion. Traffic. 2010;11:651–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moh ESX, Lin C-H, Thaysen-Andersen M, Packer NH. Site-specific N-glycosylation of recombinant pentameric and hexameric human IgM. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2016;27:1143–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cals M-M, Guenzi S, Carelli S, Simmen T, Sparvoli A, Sitia R. IgM polymerization inhibits the Golgi-mediated processing of the μ-chain carboxy-terminal glycans. Mol Immunol. 1996;33:15–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiorella BL, Winkelhake J, Young J, Moyer B, Bauer R, Hora M, et al. Effect of culture conditions on IgM antibody structure, pharmacokinetics and activity. BioTechnol. 1993;11:387–92.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wright JF, Shulman MJ, Isenman DE, Painter RH. C1 binding by mouse IgM. The effect of abnormal glycosylation at position 402 resulting from a serine to asparagine exchange at residue 406 of the mu-chain. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:10506–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colucci M, Stöckmann H, Butera A, Masotti A, Baldassarre A, Giorda E, et al. Sialylation of N-linked glycans influences the immunomodulatory effects of IgM on T Cells. J Immunol. 2015;194:151–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haslund-Gourley BS, Woloszczuk K, Hou J, Connors J, Cusimano G, Bell M, et al. IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition. Nat Commun. 2024;15:404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haas IG, Wabl M. Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Nature. 1983;306:387–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hendershot L, Bole D, Köhler G, Kearney JF. Assembly and secretion of heavy chains that do not associate posttranslationally with immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein. J cell Biol. 1987;104:761–7.

Article