Jacobi F, Grafiadeli R, Volkmann H, Schneider I. Krankheitslast der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung: Krankheitskosten, somatische Komorbidität und Mortalität [Disease burden of borderline personality disorder: cost of illness, somatic comorbidity and mortality]. Nervenarzt. 2021;92(7):660–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-021-01139-4

Wagner T, Fydrich T, Stiglmayr C, Marschall P, Salize HJ, Renneberg B, Fleßa S, Roepke S. Societal cost-of-illness in patients with borderline personality disorder one year before, during and after dialectical behavior therapy in routine outpatient care. Behav Res Ther. 2014;61:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wagner T, Assmann N, Köhne S, Schaich A, Alvarez-Fischer D, Borgwardt S, Arntz A, Schweiger U, Fassbinder E. The societal cost of treatment-seeking patients with borderline personality disorder in Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272(4):741–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01332-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Asselt AD, Dirksen CD, Arntz A, Severens JL. The cost of borderline personality disorder: societal cost of illness in BPD-patients. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22(6):354–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.04.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hastrup LH, Jennum P, Ibsen R, Kjellberg J, Simonsen E. Societal costs of Borderline Personality Disorders: A matched-controlled nationwide study of patients and spouses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;140(5):458–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13094.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quirk SE, Berk M, Chanen AM, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Brennan- Olsen SL, Pasco JA, Williams LJ. Population prevalence of personality disorder and associations with physical health comorbidities and health care service utilization: A review. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat. 2016;7(2):136–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000148.

Article  Google Scholar 

Temes CM, Frankenburg FR, Fitzmaurice GM, Zanarini MC. Deaths by suicide and other causes among patients with borderline personality disorder and personality-disordered comparison subjects over 24 years of prospective follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(1):18m12436. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18m12436.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tyrer P, Tyrer H, Yang M. Premature mortality of people with personality disorder in the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder. Personal Ment Health. 2021;15(1):32–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1466.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodman M, Patil U, Triebwasser J, Hoffman P, Weinstein ZA, New A. Parental burden associated with borderline personality disorder in female offspring. J Pers Disord. 2011;25(1):59–74. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Unruh BT, Gunderson JG. “Good Enough” Psychiatric Residency Training in Borderline Personality Disorder: Challenges, Choice Points, and a Model Generalist Curriculum. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2016;24(5):367–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed) Washington, DC, Author

WHO. ICD-11 clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines for mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: World Health Organisation. 2022. Available from: http://gcp.network/en/private/icd-11-guidelines/disorders.

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), Psychiatry Milestones. March 2020.

Bernanke J, McCommon B. Training in Good Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder in Residency: An Aide to Learning Supportive Psychotherapy for Challenging-to-Treat Patients. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2018;46(2):181–200. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2018.46.2.181.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc, Certification Exam in Psychiatry: Content Blueprint. 2023.

Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD, Palomba D, Barbui C, Cuijpers P. Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(4):319–28. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287.

Article  Google Scholar 

Levy KN, McMain S, Bateman A, Clouthier T. Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(4):711–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carmel A, Logvinenko E, Valenti ES. Evaluation of a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Psychiatry Residency Training Program. Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43(1):37–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-0993-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brodsky BS, Cabaniss DL, Arbuckle M, Oquendo MA, Stanley B. Teaching Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Psychiatry Residents: The Columbia Psychiatry Residency DBT Curriculum. Acad Psychiatry. 2017;41(1):10–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-016-0593-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levy KN, Ellison WD. The availability of training opportunities in personality disorders in American Psychological Association- and Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System-accredited clinical and counseling psychology doctoral programs. Train Educ Profess Psychol. 2022;16(4):376–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000376.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kanter Bax O, Nerantzis G, Lee T. Transference-focused psychotherapy as an aid to learning psychodynamic psychotherapy: qualitative analysis of UK psychiatry trainees’ views. BJPsych Bull. 2022;46(1):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2020.129.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zerbo E, Cohen S, Bielska W, Caligor E. Transference-focused psychotherapy in the general psychiatry residency: a useful and applicable model for residents in acute clinical settings. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2013;41(1):163–81. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2013.41.1.163.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernstein J, Zimmerman M, Auchincloss EL. Transference-focused psychotherapy training during residency: an aide to learning psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2015;43(2):201–21. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.2.201.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chambers JE. Discussion of transference-focused psychotherapy training during residency: an aide to learning psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2015;43(2):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.2.223.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans KH, Ozdalga E, Ahuja N. The Medical Education of Generation Y. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40(2):382–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0399-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knowles MS, Holton EF III, Swanson RA, Robinson PA (2020) The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. 9th ed. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2020.

Lin D, Zona L, Seery E. Navigating Countertransference in Inpatient Settings: Optimizing Interventions for Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Repeated Acute Hospitalizations. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2023;51(3):330–49. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2023.51.3.330.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skodol AE. Personality disorders in DSM-5. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8:317–44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shedler J, Beck A, Fonagy P, Gabbard GO, Gunderson J, Kernberg O, Michels R, Westen D. Personality disorders in DSM-5. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1026–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050746.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morey LC, Skodol AE, Oldham JM. Clinician judgments of clinical utility: A comparison of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and the alternative model for DSM-5 personality disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(2):398–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036481.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bach B, Tracy M. Clinical utility of the alternative model of personality disorders: A 10th year anniversary review. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):369–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000527.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman M. Should the demonstration of improved patient outcome be necessary to overhaul diagnostic approaches?: Comment on Bach and Tracy (2022). Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):387–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000584.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livesley WJ. Progress but no cigar: Comment on Bach and Tracy (2022). Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):383–6. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000580.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livesley WJ. Suggestions for a framework for an empirically based classification of personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 1998;43(2):137–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300202.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Vernon PA. Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(10):941–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.941.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livesley WJ. Disorder in the proposed DSM-5 classification of personality disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012;19(5):364–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1808.

Article  PubMed