Defining The Role for Hormone Therapy in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer: What Counts as a Win for Patients?

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2024. Atlanta Am Cancer Soc. 2024.

Cookson MS, Aus G, Burnett AL, Canby-Hagino ED, D’Amico AV, Dmochowski RR, et al. Variation in the definition of biochemical recurrence in patients treated for localized prostate cancer: the American Urological Association Prostate Guidelines for Localized Prostate Cancer Update Panel report and recommendations for a standard in the reporting of surgical outcomes. J Urol. 2007;177(2):540–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roach M, Hanks G, Thames H, Schellhammer P, Shipley WU, Sokol GH, et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65(4):965–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roberts SG, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Zincke H. PSA doubling time as a predictor of clinical progression after biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(6):576–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Markowski MC, Chen Y, Feng Z, Cullen J, Trock BJ, Suzman D, et al. PSA doubling time and absolute PSA predict metastasis-free survival in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019;17(6):470-475.e1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall CH, Chen Y, Kuo C, Cullen J, Jiang J, Rosner I, et al. Timing of androgen deprivation treatment for men with biochemical recurrent prostate cancer in the context of novel therapies. J Urol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 16]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001797.

Van Den Broeck T, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E, Cornford P, Cumberbatch M, Tilki D, et al. Biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer: The european association of urology prostate cancer guidelines panel recommendations. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6(2):231–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tilki D, Preisser F, Graefen M, Huland H, Pompe RS. External validation of the european association of urology biochemical recurrence risk groups to predict metastasis and mortality after radical prostatectomy in a european cohort. Eur Urol. 2019;75(6):896–900.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gabriele D, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Krengli M, Garibaldi E, Tessa M, Moro G, et al. Beyond D’Amico risk classes for predicting recurrence after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: The Candiolo classifier. Radiat Oncol. 2016;11(1):23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gabriele D, Guarneri A, Bartoncini S, Munoz F, Tamponi M, Russo F, et al. An external validation of the Candiolo nomogram in a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated by external-beam radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2021;16(1):85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Einstein DJ, Aragon-Ching JB, Karzai F, Madan RA. Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer in the era of EMBARK and PSMA PET imaging: everything has changed, except the patients. Curr Opinion Oncol. 2024;36(3):164–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Holzgreve A, Armstrong WR, Clark KJ, Benz MR, Smith CP, Djaileb L, et al. PSMA-PET/CT findings in patients with high-risk biochemically recurrent prostate cancer with no metastatic disease by conventional imaging. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(1):e2452971.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris MJ, Rowe SP, Gorin MA, Saperstein L, Pouliot F, Josephson D, et al. Diagnostic performance of 18F-DCFPyL-PET/CT in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: Results from the CONDOR phase III. Multicenter Study Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(13):3674–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Albeniz X, Chan JM, Paciorek A, Logan RW, Kenfield SA, Cooperberg MR, et al. Immediate versus deferred initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients with PSA-only relapse. An observational follow-up study. Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990. 2015;51(7):817–24.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Duchesne GM, Woo HH, Bassett JK, Bowe SJ, D’Este C, Frydenberg M, et al. Timing of androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer with a rising PSA (TROG 03.06 and VCOG PR 01–03 [TOAD]): a randomised, multicentre, non-blinded, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):727–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pl N, Sm A, S B, Av D, Pw K, Nl K, et al. Adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy and strategies to mitigate them. Eur Urol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Oct 6];67(5). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25097095/.

Campodonico F, Foppiani L, Campodonico V, Introini C. Practical implications of androgen receptor inhibitors for prostate cancer treatment. Explor Target Anti-Tumor Ther. 2024;5(3):543–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abiraterone. In: LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases; 2012 [cited 2024 Oct 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548136/.

Kim J, Freeman K, Ayala A, Mullen M, Sun Z, Rhee JW. Cardiovascular impact of androgen deprivation therapy: from basic biology to clinical practice. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023;25(9):965–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai LY, Oerline MK, Caram MEV, Tsao PA, Kaufman SR, Hollenbeck BK, et al. Risk of metabolic and cardiovascular adverse events with abiraterone or enzalutamide among men with advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022;114(8):1127–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crook JM, O’Callaghan CJ, Duncan G, Dearnaley DP, Higano CS, Horwitz EM, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression for rising PSA level after radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(10):895–903.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schulman C, Cornel E, Matveev V, Tammela TL, Schraml J, Bensadoun H, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy in patients with relapsing or locally advanced prostate cancer: A phase 3b randomised study (ICELAND). Eur Urol. 2016;69(4):720–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magnan S, Zarychanski R, Pilote L, Bernier L, Shemilt M, Vigneault E, et al. Intermittent vs continuous androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(9):1261–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Autio KA, Antonarakis ES, Mayer TM, Shevrin DH, Stein MN, Vaishampayan UN, et al. Randomized phase 2 trial of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone, degarelix, or the combination in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2021;17(34):70–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Heller G, Hillman DW, Xiao H, Picus J, Taplin ME, et al. PRESTO: A phase iii, open-label study of intensification of androgen blockade in patients with high-risk biochemically relapsed castration-sensitive prostate cancer (AFT-19). J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(10):1114–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freedland SJ, Luz M de A, Giorgi UD, Gleave M, Gotto GT, Pieczonka CM, et al. Improved outcomes with enzalutamide in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(16):1453–65.

Attard G, Murphy L, Clarke NW, Cross W, Jones RJ, Parker CC, et al. Abiraterone acetate and prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of primary results from two randomised controlled phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol. Lancet Lond Engl. 2022;399(10323):447–60.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brown G, Belkoff L, Hafron JM, Saltzstein DR, Potdar R, Bhaumik A, et al. Coadministration of apalutamide and relugolix in patients with localized prostate cancer at high risk for metastases. Target Oncol. 2023;18(1):95–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kibel AS, Gleave M, Brookman-May SD, Kim W, Evans CP, Efstathiou E, et al. PROTEUS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, phase 3 trial of apalutamide (APA) plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) versus PBO plus ADT prior to radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients (pts) with localized or locally advanced high-risk prostate cancer (PC). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6_suppl):TPS285–TPS285.

Nguyen PL, Kollmeier M, Rathkopf DE, Hoffman KE, Zurita AJ, Spratt DE, et al. FORMULA-509: A multicenter randomized trial of post-operative salvage radiotherapy (SRT) and 6 months of GnRH agonist with or without abiraterone acetate/prednisone (AAP) and apalutamide (Apa) post-radical prostatectomy (RP). J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(6_suppl):303–303.

Hussain M, Fizazi K, Saad F, Rathenborg P, Shore N, Ferreira U, et al. Enzalutamide in men with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2465–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freedland SJ, Gleave M, De Giorgi U, Rannikko A, Pieczonka CM, Tutrone RF, et al. Enzalutamide and quality of life in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. NEJM Evid. 2023;2(12):EVIDoa2300251.

Einstein DJ, Regan MM, Stevens JS, McDermott DF, Madan RA. Metastasis-free survival versus treatment-free survival in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: The EMBARK trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2024;42(24):2849–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Marshall CH, Teply BA, Lu J, Oliveira L, Wang H, Mao SS, et al. Olaparib without androgen deprivation for high-risk biochemically recurrent prostate cancer following prostatectomy: A nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Oncol. 2024;22:e243074.

Google Scholar 

Deek MP, Van Der Eecken K, Sutera P, Deek RA, Fonteyne V, Mendes AA, et al. Long-term outcomes and genetic predictors of response to metastasis-directed therapy versus observation in oligometastatic prostate cancer: Analysis of STOMP and ORIOLE trials. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(29):3377–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif