These authors contributed equally: Yeming Wang, Hong Wang, Yu Zhang, Anlin Ma, Dong Liu.

National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University; Institute of Respiratory Medicine of Capital Medical University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Yeming Wang & Bin Cao

Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Hong Wang

Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, China

Yu Zhang

Department of Infectious Disease, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Anlin Ma

Department of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

Dong Liu

Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

Xiaoguang Li

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weifang No.2 People’s Hospital, Weifang, China

Guoru Yang

Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China

Min Deng

Departmen of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Anyang City, Anyang, China

Shaofang Wang

Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China

Yuanyuan Liu

Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China

Chuanmiao Liu

Department of Infectious Disease, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China

Fangqi Ge

Department of Infectious Disease, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China

Sikui Wang

Department of Infectious Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

Yunsong Yu

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Ganzhu Feng

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China

Zuke Xiao & Xing Li

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China

Yilan Sun

Emergency and Intensive Care Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China

Xuyan Chen

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

Zhaolong Cao

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China

Yan Ding

Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

Xiaoping Wu

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xuancheng People’s Hospital, Xuancheng, China

Jun Wei