Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Brabazon D, Naher S (2012) Interaction between zinc, cadmium, and lead in scalp hair samples of Pakistani and Irish smokers rheumatoid arthritis subjects in relation to controls. Biol Trace Elem Res 148(2):139–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9352-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmad N, Ansari MY, Haqqi TM (2020) Role of iNOS in osteoarthritis: Pathological and therapeutic aspects. J Cell Physiol 235(10):6366–6376. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29607

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allen KD, Thoma LM, Golightly YM (2022) Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 30(2):184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.04.020

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Amin S, Niu J, Guermazi A, Grigoryan M, Hunter DJ, Clancy M, LaValley MP, Genant HK, Felson DT (2007) Cigarette smoking and the risk for cartilage loss and knee pain in men with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 66(1):18–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.056697

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aspera-Werz RH, Chen T, Ehnert S, Zhu S, Fröhlich T, Nussler AK (2019) Cigarette smoke induces the risk of metabolic bone diseases: transforming growth factor beta signaling impairment via dysfunctional primary cilia affects migration, proliferation, and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 20(12):2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122915

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Astori E, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Landoni L, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I (2022) Antioxidants in smokers. Nutr Res Rev 35(1):70–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422421000093

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Attia AM, Attalla SM, Shaat RM, El Dafrawy MM (2014) A study of the toxic effects of some environmental pollutants and cigarette smoking in the development of osteoarthritis. Adv Environ Biol 8(15):33–40

Google Scholar 

Boyles M, Murphy F, Mueller W, Wohlleben W, Jacobsen NR, Braakhuis H, Giusti A, Stone V (2022) Development of a standard operating procedure for the DCFH2-DA acellular assessment of reactive oxygen species produced by nanomaterials. Toxicol Mech Methods 32(6):439–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2022.2029656

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantin AM (2010) Cellular response to cigarette smoke and oxidants: adapting to survive. Proc Am Thorac Soc 7(6):368–375. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.201001-014AW

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang K, Yang SM, Kim SH, Han KH, Park SJ, Shin JI (2014) Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 15(12):22279–22295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222279

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen T, Ehnert S, Tendulkar G, Zhu S, Arnscheidt C, Aspera-Werz RH, Nussler AK (2020) Primary human chondrocytes affected by cigarette smoke-therapeutic challenges. Int J Mol Sci 21(5):1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051901

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi WS, Yang JI, Kim W, Kim HE, Kim SK, Won Y, Son YO, Chun CH, Chun JS (2019) Critical role for arginase II in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 78(3):421–428. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214282

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding C, Cicuttini F, Blizzard L, Jones G (2007) Smoking interacts with family history with regard to change in knee cartilage volume and cartilage defect development. Arthritis Rheum 56(5):1521–1528. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22591

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DiNicola ES, Martinez AV, Walker L, Wu Y, Burnikel BG, Mercuri J (2024) Cigarette smoke extract exacerbates progression of osteoarthritic-like changes in cartilage explant cultures. J Orthop Res : Off Publ Orthop Res Soc 42(8):1682–1695. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.25828

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dubé CE, Liu SH, Driban JB, McAlindon TE, Eaton CB, Lapane KL (2016) The relationship between smoking and knee osteoarthritis in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthr Cartil 24(3):465–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.015

Article  Google Scholar 

Elmasry S, Asfour S, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Travascio F (2015) Effects of tobacco smoking on the degeneration of the intervertebral disc: a finite element study. PLoS one 10(8):e0136137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136137

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emma R, Caruso M, Campagna D, Pulvirenti R, Li Volti G (2022) The impact of tobacco cigarettes, vaping products and tobacco heating products on oxidative stress. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 11(9):1829. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091829

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felson DT, Zhang Y (2015) Smoking and osteoarthritis: a review of the evidence and its implications. Osteoarthr Cartil 23(3):331–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.022

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fernández-Fernández MR, Gragera M, Ochoa-Ibarrola L, Quintana-Gallardo L, Valpuesta JM (2017) Hsp70 - a master regulator in protein degradation. FEBS Lett 591(17):2648–2660. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.12751

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernández-Torres J, Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Sierra-Vargas MP, Martínez-Nava GA, Montaño-Armendáriz N, López-Macay A, Suárez-Ahedo C, Ilizaliturri-Sánchez V, Nizama-Castillo EJ, Olivos-Meza A, Debray-García Y, Loaeza-Román A, Luján-Juárez IA, Vargas-Sánchez B, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Narváez-Morales J, Del Razo LM, Martínez-Flores K (2023) Effect of smoking on the redox status of knee osteoarthritis: A preliminary study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood, N.J.) 15353702231199072. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15353702231199072

Fernández-Torres J, Plata-Rodríguez R, Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Martínez-Nava GA, Landa-Solís C, Mendoza Soto L, Olivos-Meza A, Suárez-Ahedo C, Barbier OC, Narváez-Morales J, Martínez-Flores K (2020) Effect of cadmium on the viability on monolayer cultures of synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and Hoffa: A preliminary study. Toxicol Ind Health 36(12):940–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233720967531

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernández-Torres J, Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Martínez-Nava GA, Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Sierra-Vargas MP, Lozada-Pérez CA, Suárez-Ahedo C, Landa-Solís C, Olivos-Meza A, Del Razo LM, Camacho-Rea MC, Martínez-Flores K (2022) Impact of cadmium mediated by tobacco use in musculoskeletal diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 200(5):2008–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02814-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujii Y, Liu L, Yagasaki L, Inotsume M, Chiba T, Asahara H (2022) Cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 23(11):6316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116316

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez ML, Guevara J, Barrera LA (2012) Semi-automatic grading system in histologic and immunohistochemistry analysis to evaluate in vitro chondrogenesis. Univ Sci 17(2):167–178. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.SC17-2.sags

Heluany CS, De Palma A, Day NJ, Farsky SHP, Nalesso G (2023) Hydroquinone, an environmental pollutant, affects cartilage homeostasis through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Cells 12(5):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050690

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hui M, Doherty M, Zhang W (2011) Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis? Meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 70(7):1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.142323

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hussain MS, Tripathi V (2018) Smoking under hypoxic conditions: a potent environmental risk factor for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Mil Med Res 5(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-018-0158-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnsen MB, Pihl K, Nissen N, Sørensen RR, Jørgensen U, Englund M, Thorlund JB (2019) The association between smoking and knee osteoarthritis in a cohort of Danish patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20(1):141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2518-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kanneganti P, Harris JD, Brophy RH, Carey JL, Lattermann C, Flanigan DC (2012) The effect of smoking on ligament and cartilage surgery in the knee: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med 40(12):2872–2878. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512458223

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central