Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halaseh SA, Halaseh S, Alali Y, Ashour ME, Alharayzah MJ. A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know. Cureus. 2022;14:e27330.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81:75–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Compérat E, Larré S, Roupret M, Neuzillet Y, Pignot G, Quintens H, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch. 2015;466:589–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lenis AT, Lec PM, Chamie K, Mshs MD. Bladder Cancer: Rev JAMA. 2020;324:1980–91.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol. 1976;116:180–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang S, Redelman-Sidi G. BCG in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers. 2022;14:3073.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamat AM, Flaig TW, Grossman HB, Konety B, Lamm D, O’Donnell MA, et al. Consensus statement on best practice management regarding the use of intravesical immunotherapy with BCG for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12:225–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Unsworth-White SR, Kitchen MO, Bryan RT. Immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: from the origins of BCG to novel therapies. Future Oncol. 2022;18:105–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nargund VH, Tanabalan CK, Kabir MN. Management of Non–Muscle-Invasive (Superficial) Bladder Cancer. Semin Oncol. 2012;39:559–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Witjes JA, Palou J, Soloway M, Lamm D, Kamat AM, Brausi M, et al. Current clinical practice gaps in the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with emphasis on the use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): results of an international individual patient data survey (IPDS). BJU Int. 2013;112:742–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol. 2000;163:1124–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sylvester RJ, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ, Hoeltl W, Calais Da Silva F, Powell PH, et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol. 2010;57:766–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akaza H, Koiso K, Ozono S, Kuroda M, Kameyama S, Okajima E, et al. A clinical study of PMCJ-9 (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Connaught strain) treatment of superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2003;33:382–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macleod LC, Ngo TC, Gonzalgo ML. Complications of intravesical bacillus calmette-guérin. Can Urol Assoc J J Assoc Urol Can. 2014;8:E540–544.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bourlotos G, Baigent W, Hong M, Plagakis S, Grundy L. BCG induced lower urinary tract symptoms during treatment for NMIBC-Mechanisms and management strategies. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1327053.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pichler R, Stäblein J, Mari A, Afferi L, D’Andrea D, Marcq G, et al. Treating BCG-Induced Cystitis with Combined Chondroitin and Hyaluronic Acid Instillations in Bladder Cancer. J Clin Med. 2024;13:2031.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeng S, Yu X, Ma C, Zhang Z, Song R, Chen X, et al. Low-Dose Versus Standard Dose of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med (Baltim). 2015;94:e2176.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Erdoğar N, Iskit AB, Eroğlu H, Sargon MF, Mungan NA, Bilensoy E. Antitumor Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Loaded Cationic Nanoparticles for Intravesical Immunotherapy of Bladder Tumor Induced Rat Model. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2015;15:10156–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watt J, Del Giovane C. Network Meta-Analysis. Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ. 2022;2345:187–201.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Daly C, Soobiah C. Software to Conduct a Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis. Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ. 2022;2345:223–44.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:ED000142.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Numakura K, Kobayashi M, Ishida T, Okane K, Suzuki K, Shimoda N, et al. Effect of Levofloxacin on the Efficacy and Adverse Events in Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Treatment for Bladder Cancer: Results of a Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Study. Eur Urol Focus. 2022;8:1666–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al Khalifa M, Elfving P, Månsson W, Colleen S, Hellsten S, Duchek M, et al. The effect of isoniazid on BCG-induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2000;37(Suppl 1):26–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colombel M, Saint F, Chopin D, Malavaud B, Nicolas L, Rischmann P. The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus calmette-guerin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study. J Urol. 2006;176:935–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Damiano R, De Sio M, Quarto G, Di Lorenzo G, Perdonà S, Palumbo IM, et al. Short-term administration of prulifloxacin in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: an effective option for the prevention of bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced toxicity? BJU Int. 2009;104:633–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Serretta V, Ruggirello A, Giaimo R, Sommatino F, Billone V, Allegro R, et al. [Prevention of topic toxicity of BCG with single-dose prulifloxacin. Preliminary results of a randomized pilot study]. Urologia. 2010;77:240–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamali K, Nikbakht J, Ayubi E, Nabizadeh M, Sarhadi S. Comparison of the Efficacy of Oxybutynin, Phenazopyridine, Celecoxib, and Placebo in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Symptoms after BCG Therapy in Patients with Bladder Tumors. Urol J. 2020;18:439–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petca R-C, Popescu R-I, Toma C, Dumitrascu MC, Petca A, Sandru F, et al. Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;21:624.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei L, Li Q, Liang H, Jianbo L. The quality of life in patients during intravesical treatment and correlation with local symptoms. J Chemother Florence Italy. 2014;26:165–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Simons MP, O’Donnell MA, Griffith TS. Role of neutrophils in BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2008;26:341–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grundy L, Caldwell A, Lumsden A, Mohammadi E, Hannig G, Greenwood Van-Meervald B, et al. Experimentally Induced Bladder Permeability Evokes Bladder Afferent Hypersensitivity in the Absence of Inflammation. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:590871.

Article  PubMed