A.J. Cruz-Jentoft, G. Bahat, J. Bauer, Y. Boirie, O. Bruyere, T. Cederholm, C. Cooper, F. Landi, Y. Rolland, A.A. Sayer et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48(1), 16–31 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.J. Cruz-Jentoft, A.A. Sayer, Sarcopenia. Lancet 393(10191), 2636–2646 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Kitamura, S. Seino, T. Abe, Y. Nofuji, Y. Yokoyama, H. Amano, M. Nishi, Y. Taniguchi, M. Narita, Y. Fujiwara et al. Sarcopenia: prevalence, associated factors, and the risk of mortality and disability in Japanese older adults. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12(1), 30–38 (2021)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Larsson, H. Degens, M. Li, L. Salviati, Y.I. Lee, W. Thompson, J.L. Kirkland, M. Sandri, Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol. Rev. 99(1), 427–511 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P. Wiedmer, T. Jung, J.P. Castro, L.C.D. Pomatto, P.Y. Sun, K.J.A. Davies, T. Grune, Sarcopenia—molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Res. Rev. 65, 101200 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.E. Morley, Hormones and sarcopenia. Curr. Pharm. Des. 23(30), 4484–4492 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F.F. Bloise, T.S. Oliveira, A. Cordeiro, T.M. Ortiga-Carvalho, Thyroid hormones play role in sarcopenia and myopathies. Front Physiol. 9, 560 (2018)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

C. Szlejf, C.K. Suemoto, C. Janovsky, S.M. Barreto, M. Diniz, P.A. Lotufo, I.M. Bensenor, Thyroid function and sarcopenia: results from the ELSA-Brasil study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 68(7), 1545–1553 (2020)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Sheng, D. Ma, Q. Zhou, L. Wang, M. Sun, S. Wang, H. Qi, J. Liu, G. Ding, Y. Duan, Association of thyroid function with sarcopenia in elderly Chinese euthyroid subjects. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 31(8), 1113–1120 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S.H. Pearce, G. Brabant, L.H. Duntas, F. Monzani, R.P. Peeters, S. Razvi, J.L. Wemeau, 2013 ETA guideline: management of subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur. Thyroid J. 2(4), 215–228 (2013)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G.J. Canaris, N.R. Manowitz, G. Mayor, E.C. Ridgway, The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch. Intern Med 160(4), 526–534 (2000)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Garmendia Madariaga, S. Santos Palacios, F. Guillen-Grima, J.C. Galofre, The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99(3), 923–931 (2014)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Li, D. Teng, J. Ba, B. Chen, J. Du, L. He, X. Lai, X. Teng, X. Shi, Y. Li et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term universal salt iodization on thyroid disorders: epidemiological evidence from 31 provinces of mainland China. Thyroid 30(4), 568–579 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

V.S. Reuters, F. Teixeira Pde, P.S. Vigario, C.P. Almeida, A. Buescu, M.M. Ferreira, C.L. de Castro, J. Gold, M. Vaisman, Functional capacity and muscular abnormalities in subclinical hypothyroidism. Am. J. Med. Sci. 338(4), 259–263 (2009)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.K. Moon, Y.J. Lee, S.H. Choi, S. Lim, E.J. Yang, J.Y. Lim, N.J. Paik, K.W. Kim, K.S. Park, H.C. Jang et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism has little influences on muscle mass or strength in elderly people. J. Korean Med. Sci. 25(8), 1176–1181 (2010)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

W. Ni, M. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Li, Q. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Chen, T. Shen, K. Fan, X. Yao et al. Age-specific serum thyrotropin reference range for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with lipid profiles in the elderly population. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 20872 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

L.K. Chen, J. Woo, P. Assantachai, T.W. Auyeung, M.Y. Chou, K. Iijima, H.C. Jang, L. Kang, M. Kim, S. Kim et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21(3), 300–307 e302 (2020)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J. Jonklaas, A.C. Bianco, A.J. Bauer, K.D. Burman, A.R. Cappola, F.S. Celi, D.S. Cooper, B.W. Kim, R.P. Peeters, M.S. Rosenthal et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid 24(12), 1670–1751 (2014)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

V.S. Virgini, N. Rodondi, P.M. Cawthon, S.L. Harrison, A.R. Hoffman, E.S. Orwoll, K.E. Ensrud, D.C. Bauer, Osteoporotic fractures in men Mr OSRG: subclinical thyroid dysfunction and frailty among older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100(12), 4524–4532 (2015)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S. Netzer, P. Chocano-Bedoya, M. Feller, C. Janett-Pellegri, L. Wildisen, A.E. Buchi, E. Moutzouri, E.G. Rodriguez, T.H. Collet, R.K.E. Poortvliet et al. The effect of thyroid hormone therapy on muscle function, strength and mass in older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism-an ancillary study within two randomized placebo controlled trials. Age Ageing 52(1), afac326 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. Ceresini, M. Marina, F. Lauretani, M. Maggio, M.F. Serra, T. Meschi, S. Bandinelli, G.P. Ceda, L. Ferrucci, Physical performance across the thyroid function values within the normal range in adult and older persons. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 31(3), 385–391 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Gu, G. Meng, H. Wu, Q. Zhang, L. Liu, X. Bao, Y. Wang, S. Zhang, S. Sun, X. Wang et al. Thyroid function as a predictor of handgrip strength among middle-aged and older euthyroid adults: the TCLSIH cohort study. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 20(10), 1236–1241 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F.F. Bloise, A. Cordeiro, T.M. Ortiga-Carvalho, Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. J. Endocrinol. 236(1), R57–R68 (2018)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C. Franceschi, R. Ostan, S. Mariotti, D. Monti, G. Vitale, The aging thyroid: a reappraisal within the geroscience integrated perspective. Endocr. Rev. 40(5), 1250–1270 (2019)

PubMed  Google Scholar 

D. Spira, N. Buchmann, I. Demuth, E. Steinhagen-Thiessen, H. Volzke, T. Ittermann, Association of thyroid function with handgrip strength: data from the study of health in pomerania and the berlin aging study II. Thyroid 29(9), 1220–1226 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B.J. Kim, S.H. Lee, C.M. Isales, M.W. Hamrick, M.K. Kwak, J.M. Koh, Association of serum TSH with handgrip strength in community-dwelling euthyroid elderly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103(11), 3986–3992 (2018)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C. Lopez-Otin, M.A. Blasco, L. Partridge, M. Serrano, G. Kroemer, Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell 186(2), 243–278 (2023)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Chaker, A.R. Cappola, S.P. Mooijaart, R.P. Peeters, Clinical aspects of thyroid function during ageing. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(9), 733–742 (2018)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D. Salvatore, W.S. Simonides, M. Dentice, A.M. Zavacki, P.R. Larsen, Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle-new insights and potential implications. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10(4), 206–214 (2014)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R. Mullur, Y.Y. Liu, G.A. Brent, Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 94(2), 355–382 (2014)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

C. Carmody, A.N. Ogawa-Wong, C. Martin, C. Luongo, M. Zuidwijk, B. Sager, T. Petersen, A. Roginski Guetter, R. Janssen, E.Y. Wu et al. A global loss of Dio2 leads to unexpected changes in function and fiber types of slow skeletal muscle in male mice. Endocrinology 160(5), 1205–1222 (2019)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Li, L. Zhao, M. Lu, X. Yao, H. Xia, Y.C. Wang, M.F. Liu, J. Jiang et al. Thyroid hormone regulates muscle fiber type conversion via miR-133a1. J. Cell Biol. 207(6), 753–766 (2014)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A. Lombardi, M. Moreno, P. de Lange, S. Iossa, R.A. Busiello, F. Goglia, Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity by thyroid hormones: focus on the “old” triiodothyronine and the “emerging” 3,5-diiodothyronine. Front Physiol. 6, 237 (2015)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R. Lesmana, R.A. Sinha, B.K. Singh, J. Zhou, K. Ohba, Y. Wu, W.W. Yau, B.H. Bay, P.M. Yen, Thyroid hormone stimulation of autophagy is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 157(1), 23–38 (2016)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R. Ambrosio, M.A. De Stefano, D. Di Girolamo, D. Salvatore, Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem/progenitor cells. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 459, 79–83 (2017)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.Z.I. Chowdhury, T.C. Turin, Variable selection strategies and its importance in clinical prediction modelling. Fam. Med. Community Health 8(1), e000262 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central