Alli AM, Hendawy AO (2018) So antidepressant drugs have serious adverse effects, but what are the alternatives? Novel Approaches Drug Designing Dev 4(3):555636. https://doi.org/10.19080/napdd.2018.04.555636
Autry, A. E., Adachi, M., Nosyreva, E., Na, E. S., Los, M. F., Cheng, P., …, & Monteggia, L. M. (2011). NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. Nature, 475, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10130
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bari A, Theobald DE, Caprioli D, Mar AC, Aidoo-Micah A, Dalley JW, Robbins TW (2010) Serotonin modulates sensitivity to reward and negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal learning task in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1290–1301. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.233
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bari BA, Moerke MJ, Jedema HP, Effinger DP, Cohen JY, Bradberry CW (2022) Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys. Behav Neurosci 136(1):46–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000492
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B 57(1):289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
Berman RM, Cappiello A, Amand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, Krystal JH (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47(4):351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00230-9
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen C, Takahashi T, Nakagawa S, Inoue T, Kusumi I (2015) Reinforcement learning in depression: a review of computational research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 55:247–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005
Correll GE, Futter GE (2006) Two case studies of patients with major depressive disorder given low-dose (subanesthetic) ketamine infusions. Pain Med 7(1):92–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00101.x
Costa VD, Tran VL, Turchi J, Averbeck BB (2015) Reversal learning and dopamine: a Bayesian perspective. J Neurosci 35(6):2407–2416. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1989-14.2015
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dajani DR, Uddin LQ (2015) Demystifying cognitive flexibility: implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends Neurosci 38(9):571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dalton GD, Ma LM, Phillips AG, Floresco SB (2011) Blockade of NMDA GluN2B receptors selectively impairs behavioral flexibility but not initial discrimination learning. Psychopharmacology 216:525–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2246-z
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
den Ouden, H. E. M., Daw, N. D., Fernandez, G., Elshout, J. A., Rijpkema, M., Hoogman, M., …, & Cools, R. (2013). Dissociable effects of dopamine and serotonin on reversal learning. Neuron, 80, 1090-1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.030
Drozd R, Rychlik M, Fijalkowska A, Rygula R (2019) Effects of cognitive judgement bias and acute antidepressant treatment on sensitivity to feedback and cognitive flexibility in the rat version of the probabilistic reversal-learning test. Behav Brain Res 359:619–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.003
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eshel N, Roiser JP (2010) Reward and punishment processing in depression. Biol Psychiatry 68:118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.027
Fleshler M, Hoffman HS (1962) A progression for generating variable-interval schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 5(4):529–530. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1962.5-529
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Franceschelli A, Sens J, Herchick S, Thelen C, Pitychoutis PM (2015) Sex differences in the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in stress-naïve and “depressed” mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Neuroscience 290:49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.008
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Frazer A, Benmansour S (2002) Delayed pharmacological effects of antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 7(S1):S23–S28. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001015
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gastambide F, Mitchell SN, Robbins TW, Tricklebank MD, Gilmour G (2013) Temporally distinct cognitive effects following acute administration of ketamine and phencyclidine in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 23:1414–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.002
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Geurts HM, Corbett B, Solomon M (2009) The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism. Trends Cogn Sci 13(2):74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Goforth HW, Holsinger T (2007) Rapid relief of severe major depressive disorder by use of preoperative ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 23(1):23–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yct.0000263257.44539.23
Hamilton DA, Brigman JL (2015) Behavioral flexibility in rats and mice: contributions of distinct frontocortical regions. Genes Brain Behav 14:4–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12191
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jett JD, Bulin SE, Hatherall LC, McCartney CM, Morilak DA (2017) Deficits in cognitive flexibility induced by chronic unpredictable stress are associated with impaired glutamate transmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 346:284–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.017
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jick H, Kaye JA, Jick SS (2004) Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. JAMA 292(3):338–343. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.3.338
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kandroodi MR, Cook JL, Swart JC, Frobose MI, Geurts DEM, Vahabie AH et al (2021) Effects of methylphenidate on reinforcement learning depend on working memory capacity. Psychopharmacology 238(12):3569–3584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05974-w
Kanen JW, Apergis-Schoute AM, Yellowlees R, Arntz FE, van der Flier FE, Price A et al (2021) Serotonin depletion impairs both Pavlovian and instrumental reversal learning in healthy humans. Mol Psychiatry 26:7200–7210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01240-9
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kanen JW, Ersche KD, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, Cardinal RN (2019) Computational modeling reveals contrasting effects on reinforcement learning and cognitive flexibility in stimulant use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: remediating effects of dopaminergic D2/3 receptor agents. Psychopharmacology 236:2337–2358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05325-w
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kanen JW, Luo Q, Kandroodi MR, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW, Nutt D et al (2022) Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans. Psychol Med 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722002963
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ, Rogers RD, Hodges JR, Robbins TW (1999) Discrimination, reversal, and shift learning in Huntington’s disease: mechanisms of impaired response selection. Neuropsychologia 37:1359–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00035-4
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee YA, Goto Y (2011) Chronic stress modulation of prefrontal cortical NMDA receptor expression disrupts limbic structure-prefrontal cortex interaction. Eur J Neurosci 34:426–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07750.x
Machado-Viera R, Salvadore G, Luckenbaugh DA, Manji HK, Zarate CA (2008) Rapid onset of antidepressant action: a new paradigm in the research and treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 69(6):946–958. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0610
McGirr A, Berlim MT, Bond DJ, Fleck MP, Yatham LN, Lam RW (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive episodes. Psychol Med 45:693–704. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001603
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McGowan JC, LaGamma CT, Lim SC, Tsisikilis M, Neria Y, Brachman RA, Denny CA (2017) Prophylactic ketamine attenuates learned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 42:1577–1589. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.19
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Meiran N, Diamond GM, Toder D, Nemets B (2011) Cognitive rigidity in unipolar depression and obsessive compulsive disorder: examination of task switching, stroop, working memory updating and post-conflict adaptation. Psychiatry Res 185:149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.044
Comments (0)