Pan F, Huang L, Chen K, Zhao Q, Guo Q. A comparative study on the validations of three cognitive screening tests in identifying subtle cognitive decline. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(3):303–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karas GB, Scheltens P, Rombouts SA, Visser PJ, van Schijndel RA, Fox NC, et al. Global and local gray matter loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. NeuroImage. 2004;23(2):708–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sperling R, Aisen P, Beckett L, Bennett D, Craft S, Fagan A, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s Disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2011;7(3):280–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tondo G, Boccalini C, Vanoli E, Presotto L, Muscio C, Ciullo V et al. Brain Metabolism and Amyloid Load in Individuals With Subjective Cognitive Decline or Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neurology. 2022.

Wang J, Wang P, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li H, et al. Hippocampus-based dynamic functional connectivity mapping in the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;85(4):1795–806.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bangen K, Thomas K, Weigand A, Edmonds E, Clark A, Solders S, et al. Elevated plasma neurofilament light predicts a faster rate of cognitive decline over 5 years in participants with objectively-defined subtle cognitive decline and MCI. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2021;17(10):1756–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Caselli R, Langlais B, Dueck A, Chen Y, Su Y, Locke D, et al. Neuropsychological decline up to 20 years before incident mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2020;16(3):512–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Seo E, Kim H, Lee K, Choo I. Altered executive function in Pre-mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD. 2016;54(3):933–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seo E, Kim H, Choi K, Lee K, Choo I. Pre-mild Cognitive Impairment: can Visual Memory Predict who rapidly convert to mild cognitive impairment? Psychiatry Invest. 2018;15(9):869–75.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao S, Li J, Tang M, Chen W, Bao F, Wang H, et al. Methodology of China’s national study on the evaluation, early recognition, and treatment of psychological problems in the elderly: the China Longitudinal Aging Study (CLAS). Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2013;25(2):91–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256(3):183–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao S, Lewis M, Mellor D, McCabe M, Byrne L, Wang T, et al. The China longitudinal ageing study: overview of the demographic, psychosocial and cognitive data of the Shanghai sample. J Ment Health. 2016;25(2):131–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robert K, Mingyuan Z, Zhengyu W, LW T, Elena Y, Sin-Chi W et al. A Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination; impact of illiteracy in a Shanghai Dementia survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(10).

Estévez-González A, Kulisevsky J, Boltes A, Otermín P, García-Sánchez C. Rey verbal learning test is a useful tool for differential diagnosis in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s Disease: comparison with mild cognitive impairment and normal aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(11):1021–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao S, XU W, YAO P, ZHANG M. The preliminary clinical use of the World Health Organization Battery of cognitive assessment instruments for elderly. ChineJ Psy. 1999;04:37–40.

Google Scholar 

Hall J, O’Carroll RE, Frith CD. 7 - neuropsychology. In: Johnstone EC, Owens DC, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Sharpe M, editors. Companion to Psychiatric studies (Eighth Edition). St. Louis: Churchill Livingstone; 2010. pp. 121–40.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Joung H, Yi D, Byun MS, Lee JH, Lee Y, Ahn H, et al. Functional neural correlates of the WAIS-IV Block Design Test in older adult with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience. 2021;463:197–203.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yue L, Wang T, Wang J, Li G, Wang J, Li X et al. Asymmetry of Hippocampus and Amygdala defect in subjective cognitive decline among the Community Dwelling Chinese. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9.

Wolz R, Schwarz A, Yu P, Cole P, Rueckert D, Jack C, et al. Robustness of automated hippocampal volumetry across magnetic resonance field strengths and repeat images. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2014;10(4):430–8e2.

Article  Google Scholar 

van der Flier W, van Buchem M, Weverling-Rijnsburger A, Mutsaers E, Bollen E, Admiraal-Behloul F, et al. Memory complaints in patients with normal cognition are associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. J Neurol. 2004;251(6):671–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Striepens N, Scheef L, Wind A, Popp J, Spottke A, Cooper-Mahkorn D, et al. Volume loss of the medial temporal lobe structures in subjective memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(1):75–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS, Cha RH, Pankratz VS, Boeve BF, et al. The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Neurology. 2012;78(5):342–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deckers K, van Boxtel M, Schiepers O, de Vugt M, Muñoz Sánchez J, Anstey K, et al. Target risk factors for Dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study on the evidence from observational studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(3):234–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rusanen M, Kivipelto M, Levälahti E, Laatikainen T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, et al. Heart Diseases and long-term risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: a population-based CAIDE study. J Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD. 2014;42(1):183–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heister D, Brewer J, Magda S, Blennow K, McEvoy L. Predicting MCI outcome with clinically available MRI and CSF biomarkers. Neurology. 2011;77(17):1619–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Q, Lv Y, Zhou Y, Hong Z, Guo Q. Short-term delayed recall of auditory verbal learning test is equivalent to long-term delayed recall for identifying amnestic mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e51157.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomar J, Bobes-Bascaran M, Conejero-Goldberg C, Davies P, Goldberg T. Utility of combinations of biomarkers, cognitive markers, and risk factors to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer Disease in patients in the Alzheimer’s Disease neuroimaging initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(9):961–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almkvist O. Neuropsychological features of early Alzheimer’s Disease: preclinical and clinical stages. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1996;165:63–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin S, Zhu X, Huang X, Li J. Visuospatial characteristics of an elderly Chinese population: results from the WAIS-R block design test. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

den Heijer T, Geerlings M, Hoebeek F, Hofman A, Koudstaal P, Breteler M. Use of hippocampal and amygdalar volumes on magnetic resonance imaging to predict Dementia in cognitively intact elderly people. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(1):57–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

van de Pol LA, Korf ES, van der Flier WM, Brashear HR, Fox NC, Barkhof F, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(7):1023–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Chen K, Zhao Q, Li F, Guo Q. Short-term delayed recall of auditory verbal learning test provides equivalent value to long-term delayed recall in predicting MCI clinical outcomes: a longitudinal follow-up study. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020;27(1):73–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar