Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer and is typically classified into clear-cell (ccRCC) and non-clear-cell (nccRCC) histologies. Most patients are diagnosed with early-stage disease, which is often curable by surgical excision. However, almost 20% of patients with complete surgical removal of the primary tumour will develop metastatic disease, which has a poor 5-year survival rate of approximately 17%.

The authors declare no competing interests.