Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P et al (2020) 2020 AHA/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(25):e159–e240
Authors/Task Force m, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F et al (2014) 2014 ESC guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35(39):2733–2779
Neubauer S, Kolm P, Ho CY, Kwong RY, Desai MY, Dolman SF et al (2019) Distinct subgroups in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the NHLBI HCM Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 74(19):2333–2345
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yin Y, Hu W, Zhang L, Wu D, Yang C, Ye X (2022) Clinical, echocardiographic and cardiac MRI predictors of outcomes in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 38(3):643–651
Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hoshikawa E, Hayato K et al (2009) Clinical profiles of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical phenotype–comparison of pure-apical form and distal-dominant form. Circ J 73(12):2330–2336
Moon J, Shim CY, Ha JW, Cho IJ, Kang MK, Yang WI et al (2011) Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of outcomes in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 108(11):1614–1619
Klarich KW, Attenhofer Jost CH, Binder J, Connolly HM, Scott CG, Freeman WK et al (2013) Risk of death in long-term follow-up of patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 111(12):1784–1791
Maron BJ, Maron MS, Semsarian C (2012) Genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after 20 years: clinical perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(8):705–715
Teekakirikul P, Zhu W, Huang HC, Fung E (2019) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an overview of genetics and management. Biomolecules 9(12):878
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mosqueira D, Smith JGW, Bhagwan JR, Denning C (2019) Modeling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mechanistic insights and pharmacological intervention. Trends Mol Med 25(9):775–790
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Millat G, Bouvagnet P, Chevalier P, Dauphin C, Jouk PS, Da Costa A et al (2010) Prevalence and spectrum of mutations in a cohort of 192 unrelated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Med Genet 53(5):261–267
Marian AJ, Braunwald E (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Circ Res 121(7):749–770
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moro E, D’Angelo G, Nicolosi GL, Mimo R, Zanuttini D (1995) Long-term evaluation of patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Correlation between quantitative echocardiographic assessment of apical hypertrophy and clinical-electrocardiographic findings. Eur Heart J 16(2):210–217
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, Rodriguez I, Dumont C, Cazon L et al (2007) Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J 28(16):1953–1961
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Arad M, Penas-Lado M, Monserrat L, Maron BJ, Sherrid M, Ho CY et al (2005) Gene mutations in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 112(18):2805–2811
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Towe EC, Bos JM, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Ackerman MJ (2015) Genotype–phenotype correlations in apical variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Congenit Heart Dis 10(3):E139–E145
Hughes RK, Knott KD, Malcolmson J, Augusto JB, Mohiddin SA, Kellman P et al (2020) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the variant less known. J Am Heart Assoc 9(5):e015294
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flett AS, Maestrini V, Milliken D, Fontana M, Treibel TA, Harb R et al (2015) Diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: T-wave inversion and relative but not absolute apical left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 183:143–148
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wu B, Lu M, Zhang Y, Song B, Ling J, Huang J et al (2017) CMR assessment of the left ventricle apical morphology in subjects with unexplainable giant T-wave inversion and without apical wall thickness >/=15 mm. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(2):186–194
Kim H, Park JH, Won KB, Yoon HJ, Park HS, Cho YK et al (2016) Significance of apical cavity obliteration in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 102(15):1215–1220
Matsubara K, Nakamura T, Kuribayashi T, Azuma A, Nakagawa M (2003) Sustained cavity obliteration and apical aneurysm formation in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(2):288–295
Jan MF, Todaro MC, Oreto L, Tajik AJ (2016) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present status. Int J Cardiol 222:745–759
Sherrid MV, Bernard S, Tripathi N, Patel Y, Modi V, Axel L et al (2023) Apical aneurysms and mid-left ventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 16(5):591–605
Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Terajima Y, Yashiro B, Okayama D, Haruki S et al (2011) Clinical implications of midventricular obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(23):2346–2355
Kim EK, Lee SC, Hwang JW, Chang SA, Park SJ, On YK et al (2016) Differences in apical and non-apical types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective analysis of clinical, echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance findings and outcome from 350 patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 17(6):678–686
Kao YC, Lee MF, Mao CT, Chen WS, Yang NI, Cherng WJ et al (2013) Differences of left ventricular systolic deformation in hypertensive patients with and without apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 11:40
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen CC, Lei MH, Hsu YC, Chung SL, Sung YJ (2011) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlations between echocardiographic parameters, angiographic left ventricular morphology, and clinical outcomes. Clin Cardiol 34(4):233–238
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, Garberich RF, Wang W, Link MS et al (2017) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(7):761–773
Maron BJ, Rowin EJ, Casey SA, Link MS, Lesser JR, Chan RH et al (2015) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adulthood associated with low cardiovascular mortality with contemporary management strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(18):1915–1928
Hughes RK, Augusto JB, Knott K, Davies R, Shiwani H, Seraphim A et al (2023) Apical ischemia is a universal feature of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 16(3):e014907
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang K, Song YY, Chen XY, Wang JX, Li L, Yin G et al (2020) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: prevalence, cardiac magnetic resonance characteristics, and prognosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 21(12):1341–1350
Yang K, Yu SQ, Chen XY, Song YY, Yang SJ, Cui C et al (2023) Apical aneurysm formation in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pilot study with cardiac magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol 371:480–485
Singam NSV, Stoddard MF (2019) The evolution of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: development of mid-ventricular obstruction and apical aneurysm 11 years after initial diagnosis. Echocardiography 36(5):987–991
Binder J, Attenhofer Jost CH, Klarich KW, Connolly HM, Tajik AJ, Scott CG et al (2011) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence and correlates of apical outpouching. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24(7):775–781
Paluszkiewicz J, Krasinska B, Milting H, Gummert J, Pyda M (2018) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol 15(4):246–253
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yan L, Wang Z, Xu Z, Li Y, Tao Y, Fan C (2012) Two hundred eight patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: clinical feature, prognosis, and comparison of pure and mixed forms. Clin Cardiol 35(2):101–106
Yusuf SW, Bathina JD, Banchs J, Mouhayar EN, Daher IN (2011) Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol 3(7):256–259
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eriksson MJ, Sonnenberg B, Woo A, Rakowski P, Parker TG, Wigle ED et al (2002) Long-term outcome in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(4
Comments (0)