Aloisi F (2001) Immune function of microglia. Glia 36(2):165–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.1106

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avey D, Sankararaman S, Yim AKY, Barve R, Milbrandt J, Mitra RD (2018) Single-cell RNA-seq uncovers a robust transcriptional response to morphine by glia. Cell Rep 24(13):3619-3629 e3614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.080

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baarendse PJ, Limpens JH, Vanderschuren LJ (2014) Disrupted social development enhances the motivation for cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology 231(8):1695–1704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3362-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Badimon A, Strasburger HJ, Ayata P, Chen X, Nair A, Ikegami A, Hwang P, Chan AT, Graves SM, Uweru JO, Ledderose C, Kutlu MG, Wheeler MA, Kahan A, Ishikawa M, Wang YC, Loh YE, Jiang JX, Surmeier DJ, Robson SC, Junger WG, Sebra R, Calipari ES, Kenny PJ, Eyo UB, Colonna M, Quintana FJ, Wake H, Gradinaru V, Schaefer A (2020) Negative feedback control of neuronal activity by microglia. Nature 586(7829):417–423. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2777-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bates ML, Emery MA, Wellman PJ, Eitan S (2014) Social housing conditions influence morphine dependence and the extinction of morphine place preference in adolescent mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 142:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.036

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker JB, Koob GF (2016) Sex differences in animal models: focus on addiction. Pharmacol Rev 68(2):242–263. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011163

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Casey BJ, Cannonier T, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Barch DM, Heitzeg MM, Soules ME, Teslovich T, Dellarco DV, Garavan H, Orr CA, Wager TD, Banich MT, Speer NK, Sutherland MT, Riedel MC, Dick AS, Bjork JM, Thomas KM, Chaarani B, Mejia MH, Hagler DJ Jr, Daniela Cornejo M, Sicat CS, Harms MP, Dosenbach NUF, Rosenberg M, Earl E, Bartsch H, Watts R, Polimeni JR, Kuperman JM, Fair DA, Dale AM, Workgroup AIA (2018) The Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Dev Cogn Neurosci 32:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Che T, Roth BL (2021) Structural insights accelerate the discovery of opioid alternatives. Annu Rev Biochem 90:739–761. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-061620-044044

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Che T, Majumdar S, Zaidi SA, Ondachi P, McCorvy JD, Wang S, Mosier PD, Uprety R, Vardy E, Krumm BE, Han GW, Lee MY, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Huang XP, Strachan RT, Tribo AR, Pasternak GW, Carroll FI, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Katritch V, Wacker D, Roth BL (2018) Structure of the Nanobody-Stabilized Active State of the Kappa Opioid Receptor. Cell 172(1–2):55-67 e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.011

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duncan A, Heyer MP, Ishikawa M, Caligiuri SPB, Liu XA, Chen Z, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Elayouby KS, Ables JL, Howe WM, Bali P, Fillinger C, Williams M, O’Connor RM, Wang Z, Lu Q, Kamenecka TM, Ma’ayan A, O’Neill HC, Ibanez-Tallon I, Geurts AM, Kenny PJ (2019) Habenular TCF7L2 links nicotine addiction to diabetes. Nature 574(7778):372–377. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1653-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gould RW, Czoty PW, Porrino LJ, Nader MA (2017) Social status in monkeys: effects of social confrontation on brain function and cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 42(5):1093–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.285

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harp SJ, Martini M, Lynch WJ, Rissman EF (2020) Sexual Differentiation and Substance Use: A Mini-Review. Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa129

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (2019) Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 122(6):e114–e126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu M, Becker JB (2008) Acquisition of cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized female rats: effect of estradiol dose or chronic estradiol administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 94(1–3):56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jerlhag E (2018) GLP-1 signaling and alcohol-mediated behaviors; preclinical and clinical evidence. Neuropharmacology 136(Pt B):343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, Walters RK, Polimanti R, Hatoum AS, Sanchez-Roige S, Paul SE, Wendt FR, Clarke TK, Lai D, Reginsson GW, Zhou H, He J, Baranger DAA, Gudbjartsson DF, Wedow R, Adkins DE, Adkins AE, Alexander J, Bacanu SA, Bigdeli TB, Boden J, Brown SA, Bucholz KK, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Corley RP, Degenhardt L, Dick DM, Domingue BW, Fox L, Goate AM, Gordon SD, Hack LM, Hancock DB, Hartz SM, Hickie IB, Hougaard DM, Krauter K, Lind PA, McClintick JN, McQueen MB, Meyers JL, Montgomery GW, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Pearson JF, Peterson RE, Reynolds MD, Rice JP, Runarsdottir V, Saccone NL, Sherva R, Silberg JL, Tarter RE, Tyrfingsson T, Wall TL, Webb BT, Werge T, Wetherill L, Wright MJ, Zellers S, Adams MJ, Bierut LJ, Boardman JD, Copeland WE, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Gillespie NA, Grucza RA, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hesselbrock V, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Horwood J, Iacono WG, Johnson EO, Kendler KS, Kennedy MA, Kranzler HR, Madden PAF, Maes HH, Maher BS, Martin NG, McGue M, McIntosh AM, Medland SE, Nelson EC, Porjesz B, Riley BP, Stallings MC, Vanyukov MM, Vrieze S, Davis LK, Bogdan R, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Stefansson K, Borglum AD, Agrawal A (2020) A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder. Lancet Psychiatry 7(12):1032–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30339-44

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jordan CJ, Weiss SR, Howlett KD, Freund MP (2020) Introduction to the special issue on “Informing Longitudinal Studies on the Effects of Maternal Stress and Substance Use on Child Development: Planning for the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study.” Adver Resil Sci 1(4):217–221

Article  Google Scholar 

Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Neale MC, Prescott CA (2000) Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(3):261–269. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.261

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(1):217–238. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kranzler HR, Zhou H, Kember RL, Vickers Smith R, Justice AC, Damrauer S, Tsao PS, Klarin D, Baras A, Reid J, Overton J, Rader DJ, Cheng Z, Tate JP, Becker WC, Concato J, Xu K, Polimanti R, Zhao H, Gelernter J (2019) Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and use disorder in 274,424 individuals from multiple populations. Nat Commun 10(1):1499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09480-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kruyer A, Chioma VC, Kalivas PW (2020) The opioid-addicted tetrapartite synapse. Biol Psychiatry 87(1):34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.025

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kruyer A, Angelis A, Garcia-Keller C, Li H, Kalivas PW (2022) Plasticity in astrocyte subpopulations regulates heroin relapse. Sci Adv 8(32):eabo7044. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo7044

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levis SC, Bentzley BS, Molet J, Bolton JL, Perrone CR, Baram TZ, Mahler SV (2021) On the early life origins of vulnerability to opioid addiction. Mol Psychiatry 26(8):4409–4416. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0628-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levis SC, Birnie MT, Bolton JL, Perrone CR, Montesinos JS, Baram TZ, Mahler SV (2022) Enduring disruption of reward and stress circuit activities by early-life adversity in male rats. Transl Psychiatry 12(1):251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01988-w

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lutz PE, Ayranci G, Chu-Sin-Chung P, Matifas A, Koebel P, Filliol D, Befort K, Ouagazzal AM, Kieffer BL (2014) Distinct mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mechanisms underlie low sociability and depressive-like behaviors during heroin abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(11):2694–2705. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.126

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martini M, Irvin JW, Lee CG, Lynch WJ, Rissman EF (2020) Sex chromosome complement influences vulnerability to cocaine in mice. Horm Behav 125:104821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104821

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mathis V, Kenny PJ (2019) From controlled to compulsive drug-taking: the role of the habenula in addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 106:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miczek KA, Nikulina EM, Shimamoto A, Covington HE 3rd (2011) Escalated or suppressed cocaine reward, tegmental BDNF, and accumbal dopamine caused by episodic versus continuous social stress in rats. J Neurosci 31(27):9848–9857. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0637-11.2011

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morales M, Margolis EB (2017) Ventral tegmental area: cellular heterogeneity, connectivity and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(2):73–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.165

Article  CAS