*Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, and Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden

†Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

‡Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

§Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden

∥Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim/Levanger, Norway

¶Medical Department, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway

#Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

**School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom

J.H.A.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing original draft, and have approved the final version. G.S.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, supervision, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. M.v.E.C.: data curation, methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. S.C.: methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. Sheraz R Markar: Methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. J.M.-O.: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. E.N.-J.: conceptualization, methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. J.H.K.: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. D.H.: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, supervision, reviewing and editing draft, and have approved the final version. J.L.: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, supervision, reviewing and editing draft, funding acquisition, project administration, and have approved the final version.

Supported by Swedish Research Council (2019-00209), Swedish Cancer Society (21 1489), Nordic Cancer Union (154860), and Stockholm County Council (501242). The study sponsors had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

[email protected].

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