World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva; 1997.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. General record of incidence of mortality (GRIM) data. Canberra; 2019.
World Health Organization. World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva; 2020.
Park Y, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427–36.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ford E, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:356–9.
Andreadis E, Tsourous GI, Tzavara CK, Georgiopoulos DX, Katsanou PM, Marakomichelakis GE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a Mediterranean hypertensive population. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:558–64.
Bales CW, Buhr G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9:302–12.
Chaston TB, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review. Int J Obes. 2007;31:743–50.
Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Anderson TE, Christin L, Bogardus C. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. J Clin Invest. 1986;78:1568–78.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ghachem A, Lagacé JC, Brochu M, Dionne IJ. Fat-free mass and glucose homeostasis: is greater fat-free mass an independent predictor of insulin resistance? Ag Clin Exp Res. 2019;31:447–54.
Kimball S, Jefferson LS. Control of translation initiation through integration of signals generated by hormones, nutrients, and exercise. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:29027–32.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Signaling pathways involved in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. J Nutr. 2001;131:856S–60S.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Suryawan A, Jeyapalan AS, Orellana RA, Wilson FA, Nguyen HV, Davis TA. Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs by enhancing mTORC1 activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295:E868–75.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abidi SA. Roles of branched chain amino acids in metabolic regulation. J Lab Clin Med. 1980;95:475–84.
Kurpad AV, Regan MM, Raj T, Gnanou JV. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Requirements in Healthy Adult Human Subjects. Natl Libr Med. 2006;136:256S–63S.
Azadbakht L, Izadi V, Surkan PJ, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of a High Protein Weight Loss Diet on Weight, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk among Overweight and Obese Women: A Parallel Clinical Trial. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:971724.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:958–62.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dardevet D, Sornet C, Bayle G, Prugnaud J, Pouyet C, Grizard J. Postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in old rats can be restored by a leucine supplemented meal. J Nutr. 2002;132:95–100.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Duan Y, Li F, Li Y, Tang Y, Kong X, Feng X, et al. The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism Yehui. Amino Acids. 2016;48:41–51.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tome D. Efficiency of Free Amino Acids in Supporting Muscle Protein Synthesis. NLM. 2022;152:3–4.
Newsholme P, Brennan L, Bender K. Amino Acid Metabolism, β-Cell Function, and Diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55(suppl 2):S39–S47.
Macotela Y, Emanuelli B, Bang AM, Espinoza DO, Boucher J, Beebe K, et al. Dietary leucine - An environmental modifier of insulin resistance acting on multiple levels of metabolism. PLoS One. 2011;6:0021187.
Ispoglou T, White H, Preston T, McElhone S, McKenn J, Hind K. Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of L-Leucine-enriched amino-acid mixtures on body composition and physical performance in men and women aged 65–75 years. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:182–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Verreijen AM, Verlaan S, Engberink MF, Swinkels S. de Vogel-van den Bosch J et al. A high whey protein–leucine, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101:279–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Guo K, LeBlanc RE, Loh D, Schwartz GJ, Yu YH. Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. Diabetes 2007;56:1647–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liang C, Curry BJ, Brown PL, Zemel MB. Leucine modulates mitochondrial biogenesis and SIRT1-AMPK signaling in C2C12 myotubes. J Nutr Metab. 2014;2014:239750.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lemmens SG, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein - its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:S105–12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Jetton TL, Goshorn S, Lynch CJ, She P. Transamination is required for alpha-ketoisocaproate but not leucine to stimulate insulin secretion. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:33718–26.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McAllan L, Cotter PD, Roche HM, Korpela R, Nilaweera KN. Impact of leucine on energy balance. J Physiol Biochem. 2013;69:155–63.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saghaei M. Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004;4:26.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schofield W. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review previous work. Human Nutrition &. Clin Nutr. 1985;39C:5–41.
Ekelund U, Sepp H, Brage S, Becker W, Jakes R, Hennings M, et al. Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Swedish adults. Public Health Nutr. 2007;9:258–65.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner AG. *Power 3: A flexible statistical power 290 analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175–91.
Whelton P, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279:839–46.
Wing R, Koeske R, Epstein LH, Nowalk MP, Gooding W, Becker D. Long-termeffects of modest weight loss in type II diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1749–53.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mann JI. Nutrition recommendations for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: an evidenced-based review. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:422–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cava E, Yeat NC, Mittendorfer B. Preserving healthy muscle during weight loss. Adv Nutr. 2017;8:511–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dixon JB, Lambert EA, Grima M, Rice T, Lambert GW, Straznicky NE. Fat-free mass loss generated with weight loss in overweight and obese adults: what may we expect? Diab Obes Metab. 2015;17:91–3.
Funderburk L, Heileson J, Peterson M, Willoughby DS. Efficacy of L-Leucine supplementation coupled with a calorie-restricted diet to promote weight loss in mid-life women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40:699–707.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leenders M, Verdijk LB, van der Hoeven L, van Kranenburg J, Hartgens F, Wodzig W, et al. Prolonged leucine supplementation does not augment muscle mass or affect glycemic control in elderly type 2 diabetic men. J Nutr. 2011;141:1070–6.
Comments (0)