Characterization of the root and canal anatomy of maxillary premolar teeth in an Iraqi subpopulation: a cone beam computed tomography study

Cantatore G, Berutti E, Castellucci A. Missed anatomy: frequency and clinical impact. Endod Top. 2006;15(1):3–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cleghorn BM, Goodacre CJ, Christie WH. Morphology of teeth and their root canal Systems. In: Ingle JIBL, Baumgartner JC, editors. Ingle‘s Endodontics 6. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2008. p. 155.

Google Scholar 

Zaatar EI, Al-Kandari AM, Alhomaidah S, Al-Yasin IM. Frequency of endodontic treatment in Kuwait: radiographic evaluation of 846 endodontically treated teeth. J Endod. 1997;23(7):453–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(97)80302-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58(5):589–99.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kartal N, Özçelik B, Cimilli H. Root canal morphology of maxillary premolars. J Endod. 1998;24(6):417–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abella F, Teixidó LM, Patel S, Sosa F, Duran-Sindreu F, Roig M. Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of the root canal morphology of maxillary first and second premolars in a Spanish population. J Endod. 2015;41(8):1241–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA, Cheung GSP. Accessory roots and root canals in maxillary premolar teeth: a review of a critical endodontic challenge. ENDO Endod Practice Today. 2012;6(1):7–18.

Google Scholar 

Bürklein S, Heck R, Schäfer E. Evaluation of the root canal anatomy of maxillary and mandibular premolars in a selected German population using cone-beam computed tomographic data. J Endod. 2017;43(9):1448–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buchanan GD, Gamieldien MY, Tredoux S, Vally ZI. Root and canal configurations of maxillary premolars in a South African subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography and two classification systems. J Oral Sci. 2020;62(1):93–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saber SEDM, Ahmed MH, Obeid M, Ahmed HMA. Root and canal morphology of maxillary premolar teeth in an Egyptian subpopulation using two classification systems: a cone beam computed tomography study. Int Endod J. 2019;52(3):267–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulabivala K, Ng Y. Tooth organogenesis, morphology and physiology. In: Endodontics. Elsevier; 2014. p. 2–32.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Martins JN, Ordinola-Zapata R, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Differences in root canal system configuration in human permanent teeth within different age groups. Int Endod J. 2018;51(8):931–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martins JN, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Gender influence on the number of roots and root canal system configuration in human permanent teeth of a Portuguese subpopulation. Quintessence Int. 2018;49(2):103–11.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Briseño-Marroquín B, Paqué F, Maier K, Willershausen B, Wolf TG. Root canal morphology and configuration of 179 maxillary first molars by means of micro-computed tomography: an ex vivo study. J Endod. 2015;41(12):2008–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta SK, Saxena P. Proposal for a simple and effective diagrammatic representation of root canal configuration for better communication amongst oral radiologists and clinicians. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016;6(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.09.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969;28(3):419–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(69)90237-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weine FS. Endodontic therapy. 3 ed ed. St. Louis: CV. Mosby 1982.

Vertucci F, Seelig A, Gillis R. Root canal morphology of the human maxillary second premolar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38(3):456–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(74)90374-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA, Keleş A, Martins JNR, Dummer PMH. Tooth root and canal anatomy. In: Ahmed HMA, Dummer PMH, editors. Endodontic advances and evidence-based clinical guidelines. Cham: Wiley; 2022. p. 1–50.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Karobari MI, Noorani TY, Halim MS, Ahmed HMA. Root and canal morphology of the anterior permanent dentition in Malaysian population using two classification systems: a CBCT clinical study. Aust Endod J. 2021;47(2):202–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12454.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filpo-Perez C, Bramante CM, Villas-Boas MH, Duarte MAH, Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R. Micro–computed tomographic analysis of the root canal morphology of the distal root of mandibular first molar. J Endod. 2015;41(2):231–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Chang SW, Lee JK, Chen IP, Kaufman B, Jiang J, et al. A micro-computed tomography study of canal configuration of multiple-canalled mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(6):1541–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-012-0852-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA, Versiani MA, De-Deus G, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. Int Endod J. 2017;50(8):761–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12685.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA, Dummer PMH. Advantages and applications of a new system for classifying roots and canal systems in research and clinical practice. Eur Endod J. 2018;3(1):9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olczak K, Pawlicka H, Szymański W. Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Odontology. 2022;110(2):365–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-021-00670-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grover C, Shetty N. Methods to study root canal morphology: a review. ENDO (Lond Engl). 2012;6(3):171–82.

Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA. A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and canal anatomy. Int Endod J. 2022;55:229–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martins JN, Versiani MA. CBCT and micro-CT on the study of root canal anatomy. In: Versiani MA, Basrani B, Sousa-Neto MD, editors. The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 89–180.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Zhang D, Chen J, Lan G, Li M, An J, Wen X, et al. The root canal morphology in mandibular first premolars: a comparative evaluation of cone-beam computed tomography and micro-computed tomography. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1007–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1852-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blattner TC, George N, Lee CC, Kumar V, Yelton CD. Efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography as a modality to accurately identify the presence of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first and second molars: a pilot study. J Endod. 2010;36(5):867–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.12.023.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Domark JD, Hatton JF, Benison RP, Hildebolt CF. An ex vivo comparison of digital radiography and cone-beam and micro computed tomography in the detection of the number of canals in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. J Endod. 2013;39(7):901–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.01.010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

da Silva Ramos Fernandes LM, Rice D, Ordinola-Zapata R, Alvares Capelozza AL, Bramante CM, Jaramillo D, et al. Detection of various anatomic patterns of root canals in mandibular incisors using digital periapical radiography, 3 cone-beam computed tomographic scanners, and micro-computed tomographic imaging. J Endod. 2014;40(1):42–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.039.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ulack C. Demography of race and ethnicity in Iraq. In: Sáenz R, Embrick DG, Rodríguez NP, editors. The international handbook of the demography of race and ethnicity. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015. p. 367–84.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Dogan S, Gurkan C, Dogan M, Balkaya HE, Tunc R, Demirdov DK, et al. A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from mesopotamia: paternal lineages of the northern iraqi arabs, kurds, syriacs, turkmens and yazidis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187408.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali HAh. Distribution of HLA polymorphism in a sample of Iraqi Arabs in comparison with three Arab gulf populations. Iraqi J Sci. 2009;50(1):120–5.

Google Scholar 

CSO Estimates of Iraq's Population by Governorates, Environment and Sex. Central statistical organization of Iraq https://cosit.gov.iq/ar/?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=174&jsn_setmobile=no. (2020). Accessed 9 Aug 2022.

Sert S, Bayirli GS. Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkish population. J Endod. 2004;30(6):391–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200406000-00004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed H, Ibrahim N, Mohamad N, Nambiar P, Muhammad R, Yusoff M, et al. Application of a new system for classifying root and canal anatomy in studies involving micro-computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: explanation and elaboration. Int Endod J. 2021;54(7):1056–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed HMA, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying tooth, root and canal anomalies. Int Endod J. 2018;51(4):389–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12867.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Purps J, Siegert S, Willuweit S, Nagy M, Alves C, Salazar R, et al. A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2014;12:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.04.008.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lazim H, Almohammed EK, Hadi S, Smith J. Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):15289. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borges CC, Estrela C, Decurcio DA, Pécora JD, Sousa-Neto MD, Rossi-Fedele G. Cone-beam and micro-computed tomography for the assessment of root canal morphology: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0056.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif