United Nations. (2019). World population ageing 2019: Highlights. Bern: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

Book  Google Scholar 

Lloyd, L., Banerjee, A., Harrington, C., Jacobsen, F., & Szebehely, M. (2014). It is a scandal! Comparing the causes and consequences of nursing home media scandals in five countries. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 34(1/2), 2–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lancet, T. (2019). Aged care in Australia falls short. The Lancet, 394(10210), 1686.

Article  Google Scholar 

McGilton, K. S., Escrig-Pinol, A., Gordon, A., Chu, C. H., Zúñiga, F., Sanchez, M. G., Boscart, V., Meyer, J., Corazzini, K. N., Jacinto, A. F., Spilsbury, K., Backman, A., Scales, K., Fagertun, A., Wu, B., Edvardsson, D., Lepore, M. J., Leung, A. Y. M., Siegel, E. O., … Bowers, B. (2020). Uncovering the devaluation of nursing home staff during COVID-19: Are we fuelling the next health care crisis? Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(7), 962–965.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. (2021). Final report: Care, dignity and respect. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

Google Scholar 

Royal commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. (2019). Interium report: Neglect. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

Google Scholar 

Harrison, S. L., Lang, C., Whitehead, C., Crotty, M., Ratcliffe, J., Wesselingh, S., & Inacio, M. C. (2020). Trends in prevalence of dementia for people accessing aged care services in Australia. Journals of Gerontology Series A, 75(2), 318–325.

Google Scholar 

Easton, T., Milte, R., Crotty, M., & Ratcliffe, J. (2018). An empirical comparison of the measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U for older people in residential care. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1283–1294.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ratcliffe, J., Lancsar, E., Flint, T., Kaambwa, B., Walker, R., Lewin, G., Luszcz, M., & Cameron, I. D. (2017). Does one size fit all? Assessing the preferences of older and younger people for attributes of quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 26(2), 299–309.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, J. S., DeMers, S. M., Vig, E. K., & Borson, S. (2012). The disappearing subject: Exclusion of people with cognitive impairment and dementia from geriatrics research. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(3), 413–419.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trigg, R., Jones, R. W., & Skevington, S. M. (2007). Can people with mild to moderate dementia provide reliable answers about their quality of life? Age and Ageing, 36(6), 663–669.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ayton, D. R., Gardam, M. L., Pritchard, E. K., Ruseckaite, R., Ryan, J., Robinson, S. J., Brodaty, H., Ward, S. A., & Ahern, S. (2021). Patient-reported outcome measures to inform care of people with dementia: A systematic scoping review. The Gerontologist, 61(5), e185–e194.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milte, R., Huynh, E., & Ratcliffe, J. (2019). Assessing quality of care in nursing homes using discrete choice experiments: how does the level of cognitive functioning impact upon older people’s preferences? Social Science & Medicine, 238(112466), 49.

Google Scholar 

Ratcliffe, J., Laver, K., Couzner, L., & Crotty, M. (2012). Health economics and geriatrics: Challenges and opportunities. In C. S. Atwood (Ed.), Geriatrics. InTech.

Google Scholar 

Naglie, G., Tomlinson, G., Tansey, C., Irvine, J., Ritvo, P., Black, S. E., Freedman, M., Silberfeld, M., & Krahn, M. (2006). Utility-based quality of life measures in Alzheimer’s disease. Quality of Life Research, 15(4), 631–643.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engel, L., Bucholc, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Mulhern, B., Ratcliffe, J., Yates, M., & Hanna, L. (2020). A qualitative exploration of the content and face validity of preference-based measures within the context of dementia. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brazier, J., Ratcliffe, J., Salomon, J. A., & Tsuchiya, A. (2017). Measuring and valuing health benefits for economic evaluation (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar 

Bulamu, N. B., Kaambwa, B., & Ratcliffe, J. (2015). A systematic review of instruments for measuring outcomes in economic evaluation within aged care. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 1–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Devlin, N. J., & Brooks, R. (2017). EQ-5D and the EuroQol group: Past, present and future. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 15(2), 127–137.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hounsome, N., Orrell, M., & Edwards, R. T. (2011). EQ-5D as a quality of life measure in people with dementia and their carers: Evidence and key issues. Value in Health, 14(2), 390–399.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aguirre, E., Kang, S., Hoare, Z., Edwards, R. T., & Orrell, M. (2016). How does the EQ-5D perform when measuring quality of life in dementia against two other dementia-specific outcome measures? Quality of Life Research, 25(1), 45–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keetharuth, A. D., Hussain, H., Rowen, D., & Wailoo, A. (2022). Assessing the psychometric performance of EQ-5D-5L in dementia: A systematic review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 20(1), 139.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Zelinski, E. M., Meijer, E., Stone, A. A., Langa, K. M., & Kapteyn, A. (2021). Subtle mistakes in self-report surveys predict future transition to dementia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia (Amsterdam), 13(1), e12252.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Meijer, E., Zelinski, E. M., Jin, H., Lee, P. J., & Stone, A. A. (2022). Quality of survey responses at older ages predicts cognitive decline and mortality risk. Innovation in Aging, 6(3), igac027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stone, A. A., Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., & Broderick, J. E. (2019). Response styles confound the age gradient of four health and well-being outcomes. Social Science Research, 78, 215–225.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kutschar, P., Weichbold, M., & Osterbrink, J. (2019). Effects of age and cognitive function on data quality of standardized surveys in nursing home populations. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), 244.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schanze, J.-L. (2021). Response behavior and quality of survey data: Comparing elderly respondents in institutions and private households. Sociological Methods & Research, 1, 89.

Google Scholar 

Wang, K., Barr, C., Norman, R., George, S., Whitehead, C., & Ratcliffe, J. (2021). Using eye-tracking technology with older people in memory clinics to investigate the impact of mild cognitive impairment on choices for EQ-5D-5L health states preferences. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 19(1), 111–121.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Eye movements and on-line comprehension processes. In G. Gaskill (Ed.), The oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 327–342). Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011). Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Google Scholar 

Tobii. (2019). Tobii pro fusion user manual. Stockholm: Tobii.

Google Scholar 

Tobii Pro. (2021). Tobii pro lab full edition.

Tobii Pro. (2021). Tobii pro fusion eye tracker manager for windows 64bits 2.3.7.

Spinks, J., & Mortimer, D. (2016). Lost in the crowd? Using eye-tracking to investigate the effect of complexity on attribute non-attendance in discrete choice experiments. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 16, 14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited: An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences, 21(1), 15.

Google Scholar 

Bueno, A. P. A., Sato, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2019). Eye tracking: the overlooked method to measure cognition in neurodegeneration? Neuropsychologia, 133, 107191.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galesic, M., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., & Conrad, F. G. (2008). Eye-tracking data: New insights on response order effects and other cognitive shortcuts in survey responding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(5), 892–913.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5(3), 213–236.

Article  Google Scholar 

Seligman, S. C., & Giovannetti, T. (2015). The potential utility of eye movements in the detection and characterization of everyday functional difficulties in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology Review, 25(2), 199–215.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Opwonya, J., Wang, C., Jang, K. M., Lee, K., Kim, J. I., & Kim, J. U. (2022). Inhibitory Control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci, 14, 871432.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suzin, G., Ravona-Springer, R., Ash, E. L., Davelaar, E. J., & Usher, M. (2019). Differences in semantic memory encoding strategies in young, healthy old and MCI patients. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 306.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kane, R. A., Kling, K. C., Bershadsky, B., Kane, R. L., Giles, K., Degenholtz, H. B., Liu, J., & Cutler, L. J. (2003). Quality of life measures for nursing home residents. Journals of Gerontology-Series A, 58(3), 240–248.

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith, S., Lamping, D., Banerjee, S., Harwood, R., & Foley, B. (2005). Measurement of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: Development of a new instrument (DEMQOL) and an evaluation of current methodology. Health Technology Assessment, 9(10), 1–112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rohr, M., Brandstetter, S., Plomer, A. S., Loss, J., Kretschmer, R., & Apfelbacher, C. (2021). A qualitative study exploring content validity and feasibility of frequently used generic health-related quality of life measures in older people with hip fracture: The patients’ perspective. Injury, 52(2), 134–141.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2011). Technical appraisal guidance [TA217]. Retrieved 7 November 2022, 2022, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta217/chapter/2-clinical-need-and-practice

Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The mini-mental state examination: A comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 922–935.

Article