1Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK [email protected]

2Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK, [email protected]

3Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK, [email protected]

4Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK, [email protected]

5Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK, [email protected]

6Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK, [email protected]

7Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK, [email protected]

8Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, [email protected]

9Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK, [email protected]

10Channing Division of Network Medicine and Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, [email protected]

11Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK, [email protected]

12Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK, [email protected]

13Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK, [email protected]

14Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK, [email protected]

15Medical Research Council, Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK, [email protected]

16Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK, [email protected]

17Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK, [email protected]

*Correspondence to: Sarah Anne Howles Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK Email: [email protected], Telephone: +44 (0)1865857340

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.