Dishaw LV, J Macaulay L, Roberts SC, Stapleton HM. Exposures, mechanisms, and impacts of endocrine-active flame retardants. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2014;19:125–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo X, Mu T, Xian Y, Luo D, Wang C. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid simultaneous analysis of nine organophosphate esters in milk powder. Food Chem. 2016;196:673–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fromme H, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Fembacher L, Mach C, Dietrich S, et al. Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the air and dust in German daycare centers and human biomonitoring in visiting children (LUPE 3). Environ Int. 2014;71:158–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meeker JD, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Hauser R. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:580–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poma G, Sales C, Bruyland B, Christia C, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, et al. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) in Belgian foodstuffs and estimation of the dietary exposure of the adult population. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52:2331–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundkvist AM, Olofsson U, Haglund P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk. J Environ Monit. 2010;12:943–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gbadamosi MR, Abdallah MA-E, Harrad S. A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake. Sci Total Environ. 2021;771:144752.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou R, Xu Y, Wang Z. Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research. Chemosphere. 2016;153:78–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei G-L, Li D-Q, Zhuo M-N, Liao Y-S, Xie Z-Y, Guo T-L, et al. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: Sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure. Environ Pollut. 2015;196:29–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu F, Giovanoulis G, van Waes S, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Papadopoulou E, Magnér J, et al. Comprehensive study of human external exposure to organophosphate flame retardants via air, dust, and hand wipes: the importance of sampling and assessment strategy. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50:7752–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He C, Wang X, Tang S, Thai P, Li Z, Baduel C, et al. Concentrations of organophosphate esters and their specific metabolites in food in Southeast Queensland, Australia: Is dietary exposure an important pathway of organophosphate esters and their metabolites? Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52:12765–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdallah MA-E, Zhang J, Pawar G, Viant MR, Chipman JK, D’Silva K, et al. High-resolution mass spectrometry provides novel insights into products of human metabolism of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407:1871–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reemtsma T, Lingott J, Roegler S. Determination of 14 monoalkyl phosphates, dialkyl phosphates and dialkyl thiophosphates by LC-MS/MS in human urinary samples. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:1990–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carignan CC, McClean MD, Cooper EM, Watkins DJ, Fraser AJ, Heiger-Bernays W, et al. Predictors of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate metabolite in the urine of office workers. Environ Int. 2013;55:56–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. Human exposure pathways to organophosphate triesters—A biomonitoring study of mother–child pairs. Environ Int. 2015;75:159–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding J, Deng T, Ye X, Covaci A, Liu J, Yang F. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters and implications for exposure pathways in adolescents from Eastern China. Sci Total Environ. 2019;695:133894.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Percy Z, Vuong AM, Ospina M, Calafat AM, La Guardia MJ, Xu Y, et al. Organophosphate esters in a cohort of pregnant women: Variability and predictors of exposure. Environ Res. 2020;184:109255.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romano ME, Hawley NL, Eliot M, Calafat AM, Jayatilaka NK, Kelsey K, et al. Variability and predictors of urinary concentrations of organophosphate flame retardant metabolites among pregnant women in Rhode Island. Environ Health. 2017;16:40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bastiaensen M, Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Van den Eede N, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, et al. Biomonitoring of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in children: Associations with house dust and housing characteristics in Japan. Environ Res. 2019;172:543–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Fang J, Ren L, Fan R, Zhang J, Liu G, et al. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters in children in South China: Concentrations, profiles and estimated daily intake. Environ Pollut. 2018;235:358–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Phillips AL, Levasseur JL, Lorenzo AM, Webster TF, et al. Comparing the use of silicone wristbands, hand wipes, and dust to evaluate children’s exposure to flame retardants and plasticizers. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54:4484–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He C, English K, Baduel C, Thai P, Jagals P, Ware RS, et al. Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urine from young children in Queensland, Australia and associations with environmental and behavioural factors. Environ Res. 2018;164:262–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoffman K, Butt CM, Chen A, Limkakeng AT, Stapleton HM. High exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in infants: associations with baby products. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49:14554–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis LM, Quirós-Alcalá L, Kuiper JR, Diette G, Hansel NN, McCormack MC, et al. Variability and predictors of urinary organophosphate ester concentrations among school-aged children. Environ Res. 2022;212:113192.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phillips AL, Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Lorenzo AM, Chen A, Webster TF, et al. Children’s residential exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers: Investigating exposure pathways in the TESIE study. Environ Int. 2018;116:176–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas MB, Stapleton HM, Dills RL, Violette HD, Christakis DA, Sathyanarayana S. Demographic and dietary risk factors in relation to urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in toddlers. Chemosphere. 2017;185:918–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van den Eede N, Heffernan AL, Aylward LL, Hobson P, Neels H, Mueller JF, et al. Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites. Environ Int. 2015;74:1–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butt CM, Hoffman K, Chen A, Lorenzo A, Congleton J, Stapleton HM. Regional comparison of organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) urinary metabolites and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) in mother-toddler pairs from California and New Jersey. Environ Int. 2016;94:627–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gibson EA, Stapleton HM, Calero L, Holmes D, Burke K, Martinez R, et al. Differential exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in mother-child pairs. Chemosphere. 2019;219:567–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braun JM, Kalloo G, Chen A, Dietrich KN, Liddy-Hicks S, Morgan S, et al. Cohort profile: the health outcomes and measures of the environment (HOME) study. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:24.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cequier E, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. A high-throughput method for determination of metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2014;845:98–104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stacy SL, Eliot M, Etzel T, Papandonatos G, Calafat AM, Chen A, et al. Patterns, variability, and predictors of urinary triclosan concentrations during pregnancy and childhood. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51:6404–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Davis Z, Vidal M, Calafat AM, Ospina M. Quantification of 16 urinary biomarkers of exposure to flame retardants, plasticizers, and organophosphate insecticides for biomonitoring studies. Chemosphere. 2019;235:481–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Williams L, Ospina M, Valentin-Blasini L, Calafat AM. Quantification of three chlorinated dialkyl phosphates, diphenyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, and four other organophosphates in human urine by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409:1323–32.

Article