Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).
Shuch, B. et al. Understanding pathologic variants of renal cell carcinoma: distilling therapeutic opportunities from biologic complexity. Eur. Urol. 67, 85–97 (2015).
Marconi, L. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous renal tumour biopsy. Eur. Urol. 69, 660–673 (2016).
Capitanio, U. & Montorsi, F. Renal cancer. Lancet 387, 894–906 (2016).
Capitanio, U. et al. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol. 75, 74–84 (2019).
Rosiello, G., Larcher, A., Montorsi, F. & Capitanio, U. Renal cancer: overdiagnosis and overtreatment. World J. Urol. 39, 2821–2823 (2021).
Johnson, D. C. et al. Preoperatively misclassified, surgically removed benign renal masses: a systematic review of surgical series and United States population level burden estimate. J. Urol. 193, 30–35 (2015).
Fernando, A., Fowler, S. & O’Brien, T., British Association of Urological Surgeons. Nephron-sparing surgery across a nation — outcomes from the British Association of Urological Surgeons 2012 national partial nephrectomy audit. BJU Int. 117, 874–882 (2016).
Richard, P. O. et al. Renal tumor biopsy for small renal masses: a single-center 13-year experience. Eur. Urol. 68, 1007–1013 (2015).
Amaral, B. S. et al. Renal tumor biopsy: rationale to avoid surgery in small renal masses. Curr. Urol. Rep. 22, 46 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ljungberg, B. et al. European association of urology guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2022 update. Eur. Urol. 82, 399–410 (2022).
Ray, S., Cheaib, J. G. & Pierorazio, P. M. Active surveillance for small renal masses. Rev. Urol. 22, 9–16 (2020).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Farber, N. J. et al. Renal cell carcinoma: the search for a reliable biomarker. Transl. Cancer Res. 6, 620–632 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rosellini, M. et al. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Urol. 20, 133–157 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Navani, V. & Heng, D. Y. C. Treatment selection in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma-the contemporary treatment paradigm in the age of combination therapy: a review. JAMA Oncol. 8, 292–299 (2022).
Rosellini, M. et al. Guiding treatment selection with immunotherapy compared to targeted therapy agents in patients with metastatic kidney cancer. Expert. Rev. Precis. Med. Drug. Dev. 7, 131–149 (2022).
Jonasch, E. et al. Belzutifan for renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 2036–2046 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Powles, T. et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as post-nephrectomy adjuvant therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-564): 30-month follow-up analysis of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 23, 1133–1144 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Linehan, W. M. & Ricketts, C. J. The cancer genome atlas of renal cell carcinoma: findings and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Urol. 16, 539–552 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Di Meo, A., Bartlett, J., Cheng, Y., Pasic, M. D. & Yousef, G. M. Liquid biopsy: a step forward towards precision medicine in urologic malignancies. Mol. Cancer 16, 80 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Raposo, G. et al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1161–1172 (1996).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McKiernan, J. M. et al. The detection of renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood with an enhanced reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for MN/CA9. Cancer 86, 492–497 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jahr, S. et al. DNA fragments in the blood plasma of cancer patients: quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells. Cancer Res. 61, 1659–1665 (2001).
Corro, C. et al. Detecting circulating tumor DNA in renal cancer: an open challenge. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 102, 255–261 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fleischhacker, M. & Schmidt, B. Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer — a survey. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1775, 181–232 (2007).
Gorin, M. A. et al. Circulating tumour cells as biomarkers of prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14, 90–97 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Groot, A. E., Roy, S., Brown, J. S., Pienta, K. J. & Amend, S. R. Revisiting seed and soil: examining the primary tumor and cancer cell foraging in metastasis. Mol. Cancer Res. 15, 361–370 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van der Toom, E. E., Verdone, J. E., Gorin, M. A. & Pienta, K. J. Technical challenges in the isolation and analysis of circulating tumor cells. Oncotarget 7, 62754–62766 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gong, J., Maia, M. C., Dizman, N., Govindarajan, A. & Pal, S. K. Metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: biology and implications for therapy. Asian J. Urol. 3, 286–292 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van der Toom, E. E. et al. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat. Rev. Urol. 16, 7–22 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vona, G. et al. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells: a new method for the immunomorphological and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 57–63 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reduzzi, C. et al. Development of a protocol for single-cell analysis of circulating tumor cells in patients with solid tumors. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 994, 83–103 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Blumke, K. et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells from renal carcinoma patients: experiences of a two-center study. Oncol. Rep. 14, 895–899 (2005).
Allard, W. J. et al. Tumor cells circulate in the peripheral blood of all major carcinomas but not in healthy subjects or patients with nonmalignant diseases. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 6897–6904 (2004).
Liu, S. et al. Combined cell surface carbonic anhydrase 9 and CD147 antigens enable high-efficiency capture of circulating tumor cells in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Oncotarget 7, 59877–59891 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sperger, J. M. et al. Integrated analysis of multiple biomarkers from circulating tumor cells enabled by exclusion-based analyte isolation. Clin. Cancer Res. 23, 746–756 (2017).
Cristofanilli, M. et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 781–791 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cohen, S. J. et al. Relationship of circulating tumor cells to tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 3213–3221 (2008).
Went, P. et al. Expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) in renal epithelial tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 29, 83–88 (2005).
Zimpfer, A. et al. Prognostic and diagnostic implications of epithelial cell adhesion/activating molecule (EpCAM) expression in renal tumours: a retrospective clinicopathological study of 948 cases using tissue microarrays. BJU Int. 114, 296–302 (2014).
Comments (0)