Kern MJ, Lerman A, Bech J-W, De Bruyne B, Eeckhout E, Fearon WF, et al. Physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114(12):1321–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lotfi A, Jeremias A, Fearon WF, Feldman MD, Mehran R, Messenger JC, et al. Expert consensus statement on the use of fractional flow reserve, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography: a consensus statement of the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;83(4):509–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petraco R, Escaned J, Sen S, Nijjer S, Asrress KN, Echavarria-Pinto M, et al. Classification performance of instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) and fractional flow reserve in a clinical population of intermediate coronary stenoses: results of the ADVISE registry. EuroIntervention. 2013;9(1):91–101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kikuta Y, Cook CM, Sharp AS, Salinas P, Kawase Y, Shiono Y, et al. Pre-angioplasty instantaneous wave-free ratio pullback predicts hemodynamic outcome in humans with coronary artery disease: primary results of the international multicenter iFR GRADIENT Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(8):757–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neumann F-J, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(2):87–165.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Members WC, Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;79:e21–129.

Google Scholar 

Pijls NH, de Bruyne B, Peels K, van der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek J, et al. Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(26):1703–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pijls NH, van Schaardenburgh P, Manoharan G, Boersma E, Bech J-W, van’t Veer M, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally nonsignificant stenosis: 5-year follow-up of the DEFER Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(21):2105–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van De Hoef TP, Meuwissen M, Escaned J, Davies JE, Siebes M, Spaan JA, et al. Fractional flow reserve as a surrogate for inducible myocardial ischaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(8):439–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pijls NH. Fractional flow reserve to guide coronary revascularization. Circ J. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0161.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fearon WF, Bornschein B, Tonino PA, Gothe RM, Bruyne BD, Pijls NH, et al. Economic evaluation of fractional flow reserve-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel disease. Circulation. 2010;122(24):2545–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry C, Van’T Veer M, Witt N, Kala P, Bocek O, Pyxaras SA, et al. VERIFY (VERification of Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio and Fractional Flow Reserve for the Assessment of Coronary Artery Stenosis Severity in EverydaY Practice) a multicenter study in consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1421–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang DH, Kang S-J, Koo HJ, Kweon J, Kang J-W, Lim T-H, et al. Incremental value of subtended myocardial mass for identifying FFR-verified ischemia using quantitative CT angiography: comparison with quantitative coronary angiography and CT-FFR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(4):707–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Götberg M, Cook CM, Sen S, Nijjer S, Escaned J, Davies JE. The evolving future of instantaneous wave-free ratio and fractional flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(11):1379–402.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gould KL, Johnson NP, Kirkeeide RL. Approximate truth. Washington: American College of Cardiology Foundation; 2017. p. 3097–4101.

Google Scholar 

Johnson NP, Kirkeeide RL, Asrress KN, Fearon WF, Lockie T, Marques KM, et al. Does the instantaneous wave-free ratio approximate the fractional flow reserve? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1428–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Westerhof N, Westerhof BE. Waves and windkessels reviewed. Artery Res. 2017;18:102–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nijjer SS, de Waard GA, Sen S, van de Hoef TP, Petraco R, Echavarría-Pinto M, et al. Coronary pressure and flow relationships in humans: phasic analysis of normal and pathological vessels and the implications for stenosis assessment: a report from the Iberian–Dutch–English (IDEAL) collaborators. Eur Heart J. 2015;37(26):2069–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Maria GL, Garcia-Garcia HM, Scarsini R, Hideo-Kajita A, Gonzalo Lopez N, Leone AM, et al. Novel indices of coronary physiology: do we need alternatives to fractional flow reserve? Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(4):e008487.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Zandvoort LJ, Ali Z, Kern M, van Mieghem NM, Mintz GS, Daemen J. Improving PCI outcomes using postprocedural physiology and intravascular imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(22):2415–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pijls NH, Van Gelder B, Van der Voort P, Peels K, Bracke FA, Bonnier HJ, et al. Fractional flow reserve: a useful index to evaluate the influence of an epicardial coronary stenosis on myocardial blood flow. Circulation. 1995;92(11):3183–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmermann FM, Ferrara A, Johnson NP, Van Nunen LX, Escaned J, Albertsson P, et al. Deferral vs. performance of percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally non-significant coronary stenosis: 15-year follow-up of the DEFER trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(45):3182–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, Siebert U, Ikeno F, Bornschein B, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(3):177–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, vant Veer M, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):213–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sels J-WE, Tonino PA, Siebert U, Fearon WF, Van Veer M, De Bruyne B, et al. Fractional flow reserve in unstable Angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: experience from the FAME (Fractional flow reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(11):1183–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Bruyne B, Fearon WF, Pijls NH, Barbato E, Tonino P, Piroth Z, et al. Fractional flow reserve–guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1208–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies JE, Sen S, Dehbi H-M, Al-Lamee R, Petraco R, Nijjer SS, et al. Use of the instantaneous wave-free ratio or fractional flow reserve in PCI. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(19):1824–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Götberg M, Christiansen EH, Gudmundsdottir IJ, Sandhall L, Danielewicz M, Jakobsen L, et al. Instantaneous wave-free ratio versus fractional flow reserve to guide PCI. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(19):1813–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies JE. DEFINE FLAIR 5-year and Reveal iFR: learnings on coronary physiology. Sponsored by Philips 2023.

Sousa-Uva M, Neumann F-J, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;55(1):4–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rioufol G, Dérimay F, Roubille F, Perret T, Motreff P, Angoulvant D, et al. Fractional flow reserve to guide treatment of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(19):1875–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Layland J, Oldroyd KG, Curzen N, Sood A, Balachandran K, Das R, et al. Fractional flow reserve vs. angiography in guiding management to optimize outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation FAMOUS–NSTEMI randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(2):100–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puymirat E, Cayla G, Simon T, Steg PG, Montalescot G, Durand-Zaleski I, et al. Multivessel PCI guided by FFR or angiography for myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 2021;385:297–308.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smits PC, Abdel-Wahab M, Neumann F-J, Boxma-de Klerk BM, Lunde K, Schotborgh CE, et al. Fractional flow reserve–guided multivessel angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):1234–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engstrøm T, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, Høfsten DE, Kløvgaard L, Holmvang L, et al. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3—PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9994):665–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hakeem A, Edupuganti MM, Almomani A, Pothineni NV, Payne J, Abualsuod AM, et al. Long-term prognosis of deferred acute coronary syndrome lesions based on nonischemic fractional flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(11):1181–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masrani Mehta S, Depta JP, Novak E, Patel JS, Patel Y, Raymer D, et al. Association of lower fractional flow reserve values with higher risk of adverse cardiac events for lesions deferred revascularization among patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(8): e002172.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liou KP, Ooi S-YM, Hoole SP, West NE. Fractional flow reserve in acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Open heart. 2019;6(1): e000934.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vikhert A, Cherpachenko N. Changes in metabolism of undamaged sections of myocardium following infarction. Circ Res. 1974;35(3 supplement):III182–91.

Google Scholar 

Van Herck PL, Carlier SG, Claeys MJ, Haine SE, Gorissen P, Miljoen H, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction a