Eilert RE. Congenital dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;389:22–9.
Bergman NR, Williams PF. Habitual dislocation of the patella in flexion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(3):415–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Williams PF. Quadriceps contracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50(2):278-84. The authors compared patients with stiff knees, habitual dislocation of the patella, and those with arthrogryposis. 15 knees were treated with quadricepsplasty with patients able to gain full flexion, however there was one case of redislocation and an unreported number of post-operative extension lag.
Wijesekera CG. Habitual dislocation of the patella. Ceylon Med J. 1990;35(2):57–61.
Khan A, Arain A. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Anterior Thigh Muscles. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL); 2022.
Waligora AC, Johanson NA, Hirsch BE. Clinical anatomy of the quadriceps femoris and extensor apparatus of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(12):3297–306.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Grob K, Manestar M, Filgueira L, Kuster MS, Gilbey H, Ackland T. The interaction between the vastus medialis and vastus intermedius and its influence on the extensor apparatus of the knee joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(3):727–38.
Todd DC, Ghasem AD, Xerogeanes JW. Height, weight, and age predict quadriceps tendon length and thickness in skeletally immature patients. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(4):945–52.
Lippe J, Armstrong A, Fulkerson JP. Anatomic guidelines for harvesting a quadriceps free tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2012;28(7):980–4.
Potage D, Duparc F, D’Utruy A, Courage O, Roussignol X. Mapping the quadriceps tendon: an anatomic and morphometric study to guide tendon harvesting. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015;37(9):1063–7.
Gobbi RG, Hinckel BB, Teixeira PRL, Giglio PN, Lucarini BR, Pecora JR, et al. The vastus medialis insertion is more proximal and medial in patients with patellar instability: a magnetic resonance imaging case-control study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7(12):2325967119880846.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Refai NA, Tadi P. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh femoral nerve. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL); 2022.
Orebaugh SL. The femoral nerve and its relationship to the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(6):1859–62.
•• Batra S, Arora S. Habitual dislocation of patella: a review. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2014;5(4):245-51. Review paper detailing the pathology of habitual dislocation of the patella.
Sano S KS. [Report on the diagnosis and treatment of muscular contracture. The Ad Hoc Committee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association of Muscular Contracture]. Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;59(2):223–53.
• Hnevkovsky O. Progressive fibrosis of the vastus intermedius muscle in children a cause of limited knee flexion and elevation of the patella. J Bone Jt Surg. 1961;43B(2):318-25. One of the first descriptions of habitual dislocation of the patella; the authors noted that conservative treatment always failed, while surgical treatment with soft tissue lengthening of the vastus intermedius produced acceptable results.
Jeffreys TE. Recurrent dislocation of the patella due to abnormal attachment of the ilio-tibial tract. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1963;45(4):740–3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gunn DR. Contracture of the quadriceps muscle. A Discussion on the Etiology and Relationship to Recurrent Dislocation of the Patella. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46:492–7.
Bose K, Chong KC. The clinical manifestations and pathomechanics of contracture of the extensor mechanism of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58-B(4):478–84.
Lloyd-Roberts GC, Thomas TG. The etiology of quadriceps contracture in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46:498–517.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jackson AM, Hutton PA. Injection-induced contractures of the quadriceps in childhood. A comparison of proximal release and distal quadricepsplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(1):97–102.
Groves RJ, Goldner JL. Contracture of the deltoid muscle in the adult after intramuscular injections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(4):817–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen CK, Yeh L, Chen CT, Pan HB, Yang CF, Resnick D. Contracture of the deltoid muscle: imaging findings in 17 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(2):449–53.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen SS. Histopathological and histochemical studies in deltoid and gluteal contracture. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1983;82(3):440–50.
McCloskey JR, Chung MK. Quadriceps contracture as a result of multiple intramuscular injection. Am J Dis Child. 1977;131(4):416–7.
Karlen A. Congenital fibrosis of the vastus intermedius muscle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1964;46:488–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chiu SS, Furuya K, Arai T, Nakagawa M, Iida M. Congenital contracture of the quadriceps muscle. Four case reports in identical twins. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(5):1054–8.
Lai KA, Shen WJ, Lin CJ, Lin YT, Chen CY, Chang KC. Vastus lateralis fibrosis in habitual patella dislocation: an MRI study in 28 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71(4):394–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mittal R, Sitender, Jain S, Shukla A. Habitual patellar dislocation-management by two in one procedure, short term results. Indian J Orthop. 2021;55(2):392–6. Ten children were treated with a stepwise approach that included a Roux-Goldthwait procedure. No patients suffered recurrence of patellar instability.
• Gao GX, Lee EH, Bose K. Surgical management of congenital and habitual dislocation of the patella. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(2):255-60. 23 patients with habitual dislocation of the patella were treated with extensor mechanism release and relaignment; the authors found that the vastus lateralis and ITB were the main pathology.
Insall J, Bullough PG, Burstein AH. Proximal “tube” realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;144:63–9.
• Joo SY, Park KB, Kim BR, Park HW, Kim HW. The 'four-in-one' procedure for habitual dislocation of the patella in: early results in patients with severe generalised ligamentous laxity and aplasis of the trochlear groove. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(12):1645–9. Case series demonstrating early positive results with a combination of four procedures to correct habitual dislocation of patella in 6 knees; no recurrence of dislocation.
Hinckel BB, Yanke AB, Lattermann C. When to add lateral soft tissue balancing? Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2019;27(4):e25–31.
Philippot R, Boyer B, Testa R, Farizon F, Moyen B. The role of the medial ligamentous structures on patellar tracking during knee flexion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(2):331–6.
Comments (0)