1. Wong HJ, Sim B, Teo YH, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight loss, BMI, and waist circumference for patients with obesity or overweight: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 47 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2025;48:292–300.
2. Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art. Mol Metab 2021;46:101102.
3. Raven LM, Brown C, Greenfield JR. Considerations of delayed gastric emptying with peri-operative use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Med J Aust 2024;220:14–16.
5. van Zuylen ML, Siegelaar SE, Plummer MP, Deane AM, Hermanides J, Hulst AH. Perioperative management of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: concerns for delayed gastric emptying and pulmonary aspiration. Br J Anaesth 2024;132:644–648.
7. Kindel TL, Wang AY, Wadhwa A, et al. Multi-society clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Surg Endosc 2025;39:180–183.
8. Elkin J, Rele S, Sumithran P, et al. Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and peri-operative pulmonary aspiration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 2025;80:846–858.
9. Uccellatore A, Genovese S, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E, Ceriello A. Comparison review of short-acting and long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Ther 2015;6:239–256.
10. Haluzik M, Taybani Z, Araszkiewicz A, et al. Expert opinion on optimising type 2 diabetes treatment using fixed-ratio combination of basal insulin and GLP-1 RA for treatment intensification and simplification. Diabetes Ther 2024;15:1673–1685.
11. Melson E, Ashraf U, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes (Lond) 2025;49:433–451.
12. Norris SL, Lee N, Thakurta S, Chan BK. Exenatide efficacy and safety: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2009;26:837–846.
13. Becker RH, Stechl J, Steinstraesser A, Golor G, Pellissier F. Lixisenatide reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia via gastrostatic and insulinotropic effects. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015;31:610–618.
14. DeYoung MB, MacConell L, Sarin V, Trautmann M, Herbert P. Encapsulation of exenatide in poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres produced an investigational long-acting once-weekly formulation for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011;13:1145–1154.
15. Quast DR, Schenker N, Menge BA, Nauck MA, Kapitza C, Meier JJ. Effects of lixisenatide versus liraglutide (short- and long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists) on esophageal and gastric function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020;43:2137–2145.
16. Mehta A, Marso SP, Neeland IJ. Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence. Obes Sci Pract 2017;3:3–14.
17. Frias JP, Bonora E, Nevarez Ruiz L, et al. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg versus dulaglutide 1.5 mg in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-11). Diabetes Care 2021;44:765–773.
18. Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J, et al. Semaglutide added to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:2291–2301.
19. Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med 2022;28:2083–2091.
20. Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Hansen OKH, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J. Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;318:1460–1470.
21. Huthmacher JA, Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Efficacy and safety of short- and long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on a background of basal insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2020;43:2303–2312.
22. Tall Bull S, Nuffer W, Trujillo JM. Tirzepatide: a novel, first-in-class, dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. J Diabetes Complications 2022;36:108332.
23. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;398:143–155.
24. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2022;387:205–216.
25. Son JW, Lim S. Glucagon-like peptide-1 based therapies: a new horizon in obesity management. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024;39:206–221.
26. Imeryüz N, Yeğen BC, Bozkurt A, Coşkun T, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML, Ulusoy NB. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits gastric emptying via vagal afferent-mediated central mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1997;273:G920–G927.
27. Zhang T, Perkins MH, Chang H, Han W, de Araujo IE. An inter-organ neural circuit for appetite suppression. Cell 2022;185:2478–2494e28.
28. Zheng Z, Zong Y, Ma Y, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024;9:234.
29. Marathe CS, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Effects of GLP-1 and incretin-based therapies on gastrointestinal motor function. Exp Diabetes Res 2011;2011:279530.
30. Nakatani Y, Maeda M, Matsumura M, et al. Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist on gastrointestinal tract motility and residue rates as evaluated by capsule endoscopy. Diabetes Metab 2017;43:430–437.
31. Sen S, Potnuru PP, Hernandez N, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and residual gastric content before anesthesia. JAMA Surg 2024;159:660–667.
32. Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Marathe CS, Wu T, Jones KL. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and the appropriate measurement of gastric emptying. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020;22:2504–2506.
33. Jalleh RJ, Plummer MP, Marathe CS, et al. Clinical consequences of delayed gastric emptying with GLP-1 receptor agonists and tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024;110:1–15.
34. Dahl K, Brooks A, Almazedi F, Hoff ST, Boschini C, Baekdal TA. Oral semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021;23:1594–1603.
35. Hjerpsted JB, Flint A, Brooks A, Axelsen MB, Kvist T, Blundell J. Semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays first-hour gastric emptying in subjects with obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018;20:610–619.
36. Parkman HP, Rim DS, Anolik JR, Dadparvar S, Maurer AH. Glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists: the good, the bad, and the ugly-benefits for glucose control and weight loss with side effects of delaying gastric emptying. J Nucl Med Technol 2024;52:3–7.
37. Shan X, Wang Y, Xiao X, Gao Y, Sun X. GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2025;21:247–255.
38. Jangra K, Kumari K, Panda NB, Samagh N, Luthra A. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in neurosurgical patients: Current concepts and management. Neurol India 2018;66:1117–1123.
39. Scharfetter S, Puchner J, Schwaiger K, Hitzl W, Buben P, Wechselberger G. Emesis as a risk factor for postoperative hematoma in abdominoplasty: a retrospective study in 189 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2024;12:e5969.
40. Hooper L, Liu S, Pai MP. GLP-1RA-induced delays in gastrointestinal motility: Predicted effects on coadministered drug absorption by PBPK analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2025;45:211–219.
41. Ng A, Smith G. Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration of gastric contents in anesthetic practice. Anesth Analg 2001;93:494–513.
42. Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: carbohydrate-containing clear liquids with or without protein, chewing gum, and pediatric fasting duration-a modular update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology 2023;138:132–151.
43. Klein SR, Hobai IA. Semaglutide, delayed gastric emptying, and intraoperative pulmonary aspiration: a case report. Can J Anaesth 2023;70:1394–1396.
44. Gulak MA, Murphy P. Regurgitation under anesthesia in a fasted patient prescribed semaglutide for weight loss: a case report. Can J Anaesth 2023;70:1397–1400.
46. Raven LM, Stoita A, Feller RB, Brown C, Greenfield JR. Delayed gastric emptying with perioperative use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Am J Med 2023;136:e233–e234.
47. Alkabbani W, Suissa K, Gu KD, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and risk of pulmonary aspiration or discontinuation of procedure: cohort study. BMJ 2024;387:e080340.
48. Yeo YH, Gaddam S, Ng WH, et al. Increased risk of aspiration pneumonia associated with endoscopic procedures among patients with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use. Gastroenterology 2024;167:402–404e3.
49. Halland M, Bharucha AE. Relationship between control of glycemia and gastric emptying disturbances in diabetes mellitus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:929–936.
50. Marathe CS, Jones KL, Wu T, Rayner CK, Horowitz M. Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Auton Neurosci 2020;229:102718.
51. Bharucha AE, Batey-Schaefer B, Cleary PA, et al. Delayed gastric emptying is associated with early and long-term hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 2015;149:330–339.
52. Parkman HP, Wilson LA, Farrugia G, et al. Delayed gastric emptying associates with diabetic complications in diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114:1778–1794.
53. Kamarajah SK, Gudiozzi N, Findlay JM, Lee MJ, Pinkney T, Markar SR. Evaluation of safety of preoperative GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients undergoing elective surgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. eClinicalMedicine 2025;87:103408.
54. Oprea AD, Ostapenko LJ, Sweitzer B, et al. Perioperative management of patients taking glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) multidisciplinary consensus statement. Br J Anaesth 2025;135:48–78.
56. Dixit AA, Bateman BT, Hawn MT, Odden MC, Sun EC. Preoperative GLP-1 receptor agonist use and risk of postoperative respiratory complications. JAMA 2024;331:1672–1673.
57. Klonoff DC, Kim SH, Galindo RJ, et al. Risks of peri- and postoperative complications with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024;26:3128–3136.
58. Lenk TA, Whittle J, Aronson S, Miller TE, Fuller M, Setji T. Duke University Medical Center perioperative diabetes management program. Clin Diabetes 2021;39:208–214.
Comments (0)