1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 2023;73:17–48.
2. Kang MJ, Won YJ, Lee JJ, et al. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2019. Cancer Res Treat 2022;54:330–344.
3. Keum N, Giovannucci E. Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:713–732.
4. Li X, Jansen L, Chang-Claude J, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Risk of colorectal cancer associated with lifetime excess weight. JAMA Oncol 2022;8:730–737.
5. Bardou M, Barkun AN, Martel M. Obesity and colorectal cancer. Gut 2013;62:933–947.
6. Yang Z, Tang H, Lu S, Sun X, Rao B. Relationship between serum lipid level and colorectal cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022;12:e052373.
7. Chan WC, Liu L, Bouras E, et al. Associations of blood lipids and LDL cholesterol lowering drug-targets with colorectal cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Cancer 2025;132:103–110.
8. van Duijnhoven FJ, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Calligaro M, et al. Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Gut 2011;60:1094–1102.
9. Tian Y, Wang K, Li J, et al. The association between serum lipids and colorectal neoplasm: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2015;18:3355–3370.
10. Pedersen KM, Çolak Y, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Low high-density lipoprotein and increased risk of several cancers: 2 population-based cohort studies including 116,728 individuals. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:129.
11. Lu Y, Ness-Jensen E, Hveem K, Martling A. Metabolic predispositions and increased risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma by anatomical location: a large population-based cohort study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol 2015;182:883–893.
12. Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:427–436.
13. Hu X, Liu Q, Guo X, et al. The role of remnant cholesterol beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022;21:117.
14. Packard CJ. Remnants, LDL, and the quantification of lipoprotein-associated risk in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022;24:133–142.
15. Li W, Huang Z, Fang W, et al. Remnant cholesterol variability and incident ischemic stroke in the general population. Stroke 2022;53:1934–1941.
16. Heo JH, Jung HN, Roh E, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol with risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study in South Korea. Lancet Healthy Longev 2024;5:e524–e533.
17. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:e285–e350.
18. Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:676–682.
19. Varbo A, Benn M, Smith GD, Timpson NJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure as mediators from obesity to ischemic heart disease. Circ Res 2015;116:665–673.
20. Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: new insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology. Circ Res 2016;118:547–563.
21. Puri R, Nissen SE, Shao M, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides: implications for coronary atheroma progression and clinical events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016;36:2220–2228.
22. Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The forgotten lipids: triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Endocr Rev 2019;40:537–557.
23. Leitner BP, Siebel S, Akingbesote ND, Zhang X, Perry RJ. Insulin and cancer: a tangled web. Biochem J 2022;479:583–607.
24. Palmqvist R, Hallmans G, Rinaldi S, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study in northern Sweden. Gut 2002;50:642–646.
25. Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms tying obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome with cancer. Diabetes Care 2013;36:Suppl 2. S233–S239.
26. Li M, Liu Q, Shi M, Fu M, He G. Association between remnant cholesterol and the risk of 4 site-specific cancers: evidence from a cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization study. Lipids Health Dis 2024;23:256.
27. Xu H, Liu P, Chen S, Wang G, Wu S, Zhang X. Remnant cholesterol and systemic inflammation as synergistic predictors of cancer risk: a 16-year prospective cohort study. Cancer 2025;131:e70096.
28. Tian Y, Wu Y, Qi M, et al. Associations of remnant cholesterol with cardiovascular and cancer mortality in a nationwide cohort. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024;69:526–534.
29. Mahamat-Saleh Y, Aune D, Freisling H, et al. Association of metabolic obesity phenotypes with risk of overall and site-specific cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2024;131:1480–1495.
30. Lee SH, Han K, Yang HK, et al. A novel criterion for identifying metabolically obese but normal weight individuals using the product of triglycerides and glucose. Nutr Diabetes 2015;5:e149.
31. Bonovas S, Filioussi K, Flordellis CS, Sitaras NM. Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving more than 1.5 million patients. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3462–3468.
32. Simon MS, Rosenberg CA, Rodabough RJ, et al. Prospective analysis of association between use of statins or other lipid-lowering agents and colorectal cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol 2012;22:17–27.
33. Broughton T, Sington J, Beales IL. Statin use is associated with a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer: a colonoscopy-controlled case-control study. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:36.
34. Abbaszadeh M, Bayrami F, Zandifar S, Hemmati HR, Valadkhani A, Peimanfar A. Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer; a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Immunopathol Persa 2025;11:e40597.
35. Ibáñez-Sanz G, Guinó E, Pontes C, et al. Statin use and the risk of colorectal cancer in a population-based electronic health records study. Sci Rep 2019;9:13560.
Comments (0)