Ben J. Marais1 and H. Simon Schaaf2 1The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia 2Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa Correspondence: ben.maraishealth.nsw.gov.au; hsssun.ac.za

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death in young children from TB-endemic countries, especially in areas affected by poverty, social disruption, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This article reviews the disease burden and the natural history of disease in children with TB. It also provides guidance regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB in children.