Atherton PJ, Greenhaff PL, Phillips SM, Bodine SC, Adams CM, Lang CH. Control of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to disuse: clinical/preclinical contentions and fallacies of evidence. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;311(3):E594-604.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

da Silva Soares DB, Shinjo SK, Santos AS, de Cassia Rosa Jesus J, Schenk S, de Castro GS, et al. Skeletal muscle gene expression in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training – a randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol. 2022;164:111831.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Sousa MV, da Silva Soares DB, Caraça ER, Cardoso R. Dietary protein and exercise for preservation of lean mass and perspectives on type 2 diabetes prevention. Exp Biol Med. 2019;244(12):992–1004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab. 2020;2(9):817–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park Y, Choi JE, Hwang HS. Protein supplementation improves muscle mass and physical performance in undernourished prefrail and frail elderly subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(5):1026–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. FEBS J. 2013;280(17):4294–314.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kneppers AEM, Langen RCJ, Gosker HR, Verdijk LB, Cebron Lipovec N, Leermakers PA, et al. Increased myogenic and protein turnover signaling in skeletal muscle of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(7):637.e1-637.e11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodine SC, Baehr LM. Skeletal muscle atrophy and the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogin-1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;307(6):E469–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sartori R, Romanello V, Sandri M. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):330.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evans WJ. Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):1123S-1127S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen K, Gao P, Li Z, Dai A, Yang M, Chen S, et al. Forkhead box O signaling pathway in skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Pathol. 2022;192(12):1648–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kandarian SC, Jackman RW. Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(2):155–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller SG, Hafen PS, Brault JJ. Increased adenine nucleotide degradation in skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21(1):88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Neill BT, Bhardwaj G, Penniman CM, Krumpoch MT, Suarez Beltran PA, Klaus K, et al. FoxO transcription factors are critical regulators of diabetes-related muscle atrophy. Diabetes. 2019;68(3):556–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin L, Li N, Jia W, Wang N, Liang M, Yang X, et al. Skeletal muscle atrophy: from mechanisms to treatments. Pharmacol Res. 2021;172:105807.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Timmer LT, Hoogaars WMH, Jaspers RT. The role of IGF-1 signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy. In 2018. p. 109–37.

Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, et al. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance-trained women after detraining and retraining. J Appl Physiol. 1991;70(2):631–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reed SA, Sandesara PB, Senf SM, Judge AR. Inhibition of FoxO transcriptional activity prevents muscle fiber atrophy during cachexia and induces hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2012;26(3):987–1000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powers SK, Lynch GS, Murphy KT, Reid MB, Zijdewind I. Disease-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2307–19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zizzo J. Muscle atrophy classification: the need for a pathway-driven approach. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(27):3012–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim C, Hwang JK. Flavonoids: nutraceutical potential for counteracting muscle atrophy. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2020;29(12):1619–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Pessin JE. Mechanisms for fiber-type specificity of skeletal muscle atrophy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(3):243–50.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilburn D, Ismaeel A, Machek S, Fletcher E, Koutakis P. Shared and distinct mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: a narrative review. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;71:101463.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malavaki CJ, Sakkas GK, Mitrou GI, Kalyva A, Stefanidis I, Myburgh KH, et al. Skeletal muscle atrophy: disease-induced mechanisms may mask disuse atrophy. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2015;36(6):405–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graham ZA. Mini-review: local and downstream responses to the neuromuscular junction: potential roles for integrins, connexins and ephrins in altering muscle characteristics and function. Neurosci Lett. 2022;768:136359.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phillips SM, McGlory C. CrossTalk proposal: The dominant mechanism causing disuse muscle atrophy is decreased protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2014;592(24):5341–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bamman MM, Roberts BM, Adams GR. Molecular regulation of exercise-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(6):a029751.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bodine SC. Disuse-induced muscle wasting. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(10):2200–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stefanetti RJ, Lamon S, Wallace M, Vendelbo MH, Russell AP, Vissing K. Regulation of ubiquitin proteasome pathway molecular markers in response to endurance and resistance exercise and training. Pflugers Arch. 2015;467(7):1523–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gumucio JP, Mendias CL. Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia. Endocrine. 2013;43(1):12–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baehr LM, Furlow JD, Bodine SC. Muscle sparing in muscle RING finger 1 null mice: response to synthetic glucocorticoids. J Physiol. 2011;589(19):4759–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foletta VC, White LJ, Larsen AE, Léger B, Russell AP. The role and regulation of MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle atrophy. Pflugers Arch. 2011;461(3):325–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed