Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834.
Google Scholar
Mehraj U, Ganai RA, Macha MA, Hamid A, Zargar MA, Bhat AA, et al. The tumor microenvironment as driver of stemness and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer: new challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Oncol. 2021;44:1209–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-021-00634-9.
Google Scholar
Tripathi M, Billet S, Bhowmick NA. Understanding the role of stromal fibroblasts in cancer progression. Cell Adhes Migr. 2012;6:231–5.
Google Scholar
Zhang W, Wang J, Liu C, Li Y, Sun C, Wu J, et al. Crosstalk and plasticity driving between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment: significance of breast cancer metastasis. J Transl Med. 2023;21:827. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04714-2.
Google Scholar
Shukla N, Naik A, Moryani K, Soni M, Shah J, Dave H. TGF-β at the crossroads of multiple prognosis in breast cancer, and beyond. Life Sci. 2022;310:121011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121011.
Google Scholar
Shi X, Young CD, Zhou H, Wang X. Transforming growth Factor-β signaling in fibrotic diseases and Cancer-Associated fibroblasts. Biomolecules. 2020;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121666.
Ringuette Goulet C, Bernard G, Tremblay S, Chabaud S, Bolduc S, Pouliot F. Exosomes induce fibroblast differentiation into Cancer-Associated fibroblasts through TGFβ signaling. Mol Cancer Res. 2018;16:1196–204. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-17-0784.
Google Scholar
Shangguan L, Ti X, Krause U, Hai B, Zhao Y, Yang Z, et al. Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling by BAMBI blocks differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and abolishes their protumor effects. Stem Cells. 2012;30:2810–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1251.
Google Scholar
Rosenthal E, McCrory A, Talbert M, Young G, Murphy-Ullrich J, Gladson C. Elevated expression of TGF-beta1 in head and neck cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog. 2004;40:116–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.20024.
Google Scholar
Hu B, Wu Z, Phan SH. Smad3 mediates transforming growth factor-beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0063OC.
Google Scholar
Bussard KM, Spaeth E, Mutkus LA, Stumpf KA, Marini FC. 11 - Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transition to Tumor-Associated Stromal Cells Contributes to Cancer Progression. In: Bolontrade MF, García MGBT-MSC as TSM, editors., Boston: Academic Press; 2017, p. 253–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803102-5.00011-2.
Bainbridge P. Wound healing and the role of fibroblasts. J Wound Care. 2013;22:407–8. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2013.22.8.407.
Google Scholar
Rockey DC, Weymouth N, Shi Z. Smooth muscle α actin (Acta2) and myofibroblast function during hepatic wound healing. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e77166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077166.
Google Scholar
Darby IA, Laverdet B, Bonté F, Desmoulière A. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S50046.
Google Scholar
Webber J, Meran S, Steadman R, Phillips A. Hyaluronan orchestrates transforming growth factor-β1-dependent maintenance of myofibroblast phenotype. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:9083–92. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M806989200.
Google Scholar
Dvorak HF. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1650–9.
Google Scholar
Deyell M, Garris CS, Laughney AM. Cancer metastasis as a non-healing wound. Br J Cancer. 2021;124:1491–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01309-w.
Google Scholar
Ueno T, Toi M, Koike M, Nakamura S, Tominaga T. Tissue factor expression in breast cancer tissues: its correlation with prognosis and plasma concentration. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:164–70. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1272.
Google Scholar
Camerer E, Huang W, Coughlin SR. Tissue factor- and factor X-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 by factor VIIa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:5255–60. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.10.5255.
Google Scholar
Versteeg HH, Arnold Spek C, Richel DJ, Peppelenbosch MP. Coagulation factors VIIa and Xa inhibit apoptosis and Anoikis. Oncogene. 2004;23:410–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207066.
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Mueller BM. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in MDA-MB-231 cells via MAPK pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;344:1263–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.005.
Google Scholar
Shaker H, Bundred NJ, Landberg G, Pritchard SA, Albadry H, Nicholson SL, et al. Breast cancer stromal clotting activation (Tissue factor and thrombin): A pre-invasive phenomena that is prognostic in invasion. Cancer Med. 2020;9:1768–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2748.
Google Scholar
Kojima Y, Acar A, Eaton EN, Mellody KT, Scheel C, Ittai B-P, et al. Autocrine TGF-β and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) signaling drives the evolution of tumor-promoting mammary stromal myofibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:20009–14.
Google Scholar
Ruf W, Disse J, Carneiro-Lobo TC, Yokota N, Schaffner F. Tissue factor and cell signalling in cancer progression and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(Suppl 1):306–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04318.x.
Google Scholar
Ganapathy V, Ge R, Grazioli A, Xie W, Banach-Petrosky W, Kang Y, et al. Targeting the transforming growth Factor-beta pathway inhibits human basal-like breast cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer. 2010;9:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-9-122.
Google Scholar
Torsello B, De Marco S, Bombelli S, Cifola I, Morabito I, Invernizzi L, et al. High glucose induces an activated state of partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human primary tubular cell cultures. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0279655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279655.
Google Scholar
Che D, Zhou T, Lan Y, Xie J, Gong H, Li C, et al. High glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition contributes to the upregulation of fibrogenic factors in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38:1815–22. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2768.
Google Scholar
Caneparo C, Chabaud S, Fradette J, Bolduc S. Evaluation of a Serum-Free medium for human epithelial and stromal cell culture. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710035.
Menz A, Gorbokon N, Viehweger F, Lennartz M, Hube-Magg C, Hornsteiner L, et al. Pan-keratin immunostaining in human tumors: A tissue microarray study of 15,940 tumors. Int J Surg Pathol. 2023;31:927–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/10668969221117243.
Google Scholar
Haasters F, Prall WC, Anz D, Bourquin C, Pautke C, Endres S, et al. Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics indicate the yield of early progenitors and represent a quality control for human mesenchymal stem cell culturing. J Anat. 2009;214:759–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01065.x.
Google Scholar
Jin L, Qu Y, Gomez LJ, Chung S, Han B, Yue Y, et al. Characterization of primary human mammary epithelial cells isolated and propagated by conditional reprogrammed. Cell Cult. 2018;9:11503–14.
Google Scholar
Ilg MM, Lapthorn AR, Harding SL, Minhas T, Koduri G, Bustin SA. Development of a phenotypic screening assay to measure activation of cancer-associated Fi broblasts. 2025:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1526495.
Sandberg TP, Stuart MPME, Oosting J, Tollenaar RAEM, Sier CFM, Mesker WE. Increased expression of cancer-associated fibroblast markers at the invasive front and its association with tumor-stroma ratio in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5462-2.
Google Scholar
Benyahia Z, Dussault N, Cayol M, Sigaud R, Delfino C, Tounsi A et al. Stromal fibroblasts present in breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through adrenomedullin secretion. Oncotarget. 2017;8:15744–62. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14999.
Stapor PC, Sweat RS, Dashti DC, Betancourt AM, Murfee WL. Pericyte dynamics during angiogenesis: new insights from new identities. J Vasc Res. 2014;51:163–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362276.
Google Scholar
Bae S, Park CW, Son HK, Ju HK, Paik D, Jeon C-J, et al. Fibroblast activation protein alpha identifies mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow. Br J Haematol. 2008;142:827–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07241.x.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Sun D, Fu Q, Cao Q, Zhang H, Zhang K. Bone mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into myofibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:644–50. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4645.
Google Scholar
Del Toro K, Licon-Munoz Y, Crabtree W, Oper T, Robbins C, Hines WC. Breast pericytes: a newly identified driver of tumor cell proliferation. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1455484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1455484.
Google Scholar
Buchsbaum RJ, Oh SY. Breast Cancer-Associated fibroblasts: where we are and where we need to go. Cancers (Basel). 2016;8:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8020019.
Google Scholar
Ichim TE, O’Heeron P, Kesari S. Fibroblasts as a practical alternative to mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med. 2018;16:212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1536-1.
Google Scholar
McErlain T, McCulla EC, Glass MJ, Ziemer LE, Branco CM, Murgai M. Pericytes require physiological oxygen tension to maintain phenotypic fidelity. Sci Rep. 2024;14:29581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80682-x.
Google Scholar
Nikolits I, Nebel S, Egger D, Kreß S, Kasper C. Towards physiologic culture approaches to improve standard cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cells. 2021;10:886. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10040886.
Google Scholar
Tigges U, Welser-Alves JV, Boroujerdi A, Milner R. A novel and simple method for culturing pericytes from mouse brain. Microvasc Res. 2012;84:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.008.
Google Scholar
Wygrecka M, Zakrzewicz D, Taborski B, Didiasova M, Kwapiszewska G, Preissner KT, et al. TGF-β1 induces tissue factor expression in human lung fibroblasts in a PI3K/JNK/Akt-dependent and AP-1-dependent manner. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0097OC.
Google Scholar
Lazard D, Sastre X, Frid MG, Glukhova MA, Thiery JP, Koteliansky VE. Expression of smooth muscle-specific proteins in Myoepithelium and stromal myofibroblasts of normal and malignant human breast tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:999–1003. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.3.999.
Google Scholar
Landry NM, Rattan SG, Dixon IMC. An improved method of maintaining primary murine cardiac fibroblasts in Two-Dimensional cell culture. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49285-9.
Google Scholar
Shamhart PE, Luther DJ, Adapala RK, Bryant JE, Petersen KA, Meszaros JG, et al. Hyperglycemia enhances function and differentiation of adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;92:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0490.
Google Scholar
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, et al. Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression. Mod Pathol. 2015;28:14–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2014.81.
Google Scholar
Curtius K, Wright NA, Graham TA. An evolutionary perspective on field cancerization. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2017.102.
Google Scholar
Aran D, Camarda R, Odegaard J, Paik H, Oskotsky B, Krings G, et al. Comprehensive analysis of normal adjacent to tumor transcriptomes. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01027-z.
Google Scholar
Chatterjee S, Basak P, Buchel E, Safneck J, Murphy LC, Mowat M, et al. Breast cancers activate stromal Fibroblast-Induced suppression of progenitors in adjacent normal tissue. Stem Cell Rep. 2018;10:196–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.002.
Google Scholar
Comments (0)