Adachi, P., & Willoughby, T. (2014). Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: Implications for psychological science. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 116–128.

Bandalos, D. L. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(1), 78–102.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bırni, G., Satıcı, S. A., & Deniz, M. E. (2023). Self-criticism and romantic relationship satisfaction as serial mediators of links between childhood psychological maltreatment and loneliness. Child Abuse & Neglect, 139, Article 106112.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brassard, M. R., Hart, S. N., & Glaser, D. (2020). Psychological maltreatment: An international challenge to children’s safety and well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, Article 104611.

Article  Google Scholar 

Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106414.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen, B., Sun, X., Huang, X., & Yao, L. (2023). Examining the reciprocal link between social anxiety and social relationships spanning from childhood to adulthood: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Developmental Psychology, 60(1), 170–186.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. (2009). Shyness-sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment in rural migrant and urban children in China. Child Development, 80(5), 1499–1513.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Yu, H., Zhou, Y., Li, Q., & Li, X. (2024). The path of depression in rural children: A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis across multiple provinces in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 365, 237–245.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

China Internet Network Information Center (2025) The 55th statistic report of China internet network development state. http://www.cnnic.net.cn.

Chu, X., Chu, Z., Wang, Q., Ji, S., & Lei, L. (2023). Parent-child attachment avoidance and smartphone dependency for junior school students in rural areas: The mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of family financial difficulty. Psychological Development and Education, 39(2), 192–199.

Google Scholar 

Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577.

Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104.

Dong, W., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Parental phubbing and Chinese adolescents’ SNSs addiction: Loneliness as a mediator and self-esteem as a moderator. Current Psychology, 42(19), 16560–16572.

Article  Google Scholar 

Du, X., Xiang, G., Xiao, M., Liu, X., Sun, J., Ding, C., & Chen, H. (2023). The relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of negative emotions and maladaptive coping. Journal of Adolescence, 95(7), 1449–1462.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao, L., Kong, F., Liu, F., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2025). Shyness and adolescents’ smartphone addiction: Roles of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, and online social support. Psychology in the Schools, 62(3), 864–874.

Article  Google Scholar 

Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6–7), 697–714.

Geng, J., Bao, L., Wang, H., Wang, J., Gao, T., & Lei, L. (2022). Does childhood maltreatment increase the subsequent risk of problematic smartphone use among adolescents? A two-wave longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 129, Article 107250.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gross, J. T., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Expressive suppression of negative emotions in children and adolescents: Theory, data, and a guide for future research. Developmental Psychology, 55(9), 1938–1950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gullone, E., & Taffe, J. (2011). The emotion regulation questionnaire for children and adolescents (ERQ–CA): A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102–116.

Hancock, G. R., Mueller, R. O., & Stapleton, L. M. (2010). The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences. Routledge.

Hodes, L. N., & Thomas, K. G. (2020). Smartphone screen time: Inaccuracy of self-reports and influence of psychological and contextual factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106616.

Hong, F., Chiu, S., & Huang, D. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152–2159.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Huang, D., Yin, W., & Luo, Y. (2024). Parental mediation and mobile phone dependency among Chinese migrant children: A moderated mediation model of self-control and parent-child communication. Children and Youth Services Review, 166, Article 107977.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jeong, S., Kim, H., Yum, J., & Hwang, Y. (2015). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to? Sns vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2013). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354.

Article  Google Scholar 

Koechlin, H., Donado, C., Locher, C., Kossowsky, J., Lionetti, F., & Pluess, M. (2023). Sensory processing sensitivity in adolescents reporting chronic pain: An exploratory study. PAIN Reports, 8(1), e1053.

Kudinova, A. Y., James, K., & Gibb, B. E. (2017). Cognitive reappraisal and depression in children with a parent history of depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(4), 849–856.

Kraft, L., Ebner, C., Leo, K., & Lindenberg, K. (2023). Emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression, and addiction in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 30(4), 485–502.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

La Greca, A. M., Dandes, S. K., Wick, P., Shaw, K., & Stone, W. L. (1988). Development of the social anxiety scale for children: Reliability and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17(1), 84–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Larsen, J. K., Vermulst, A. A., Eisinga, R., English, T., Gross, J. J., Hofman, E., et al. (2012). Social coping by masking? Parental support and peer victimization as mediators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and expressive suppression in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1628–1642.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lavoie, C., Dufour, M., Berbiche, D., Therriault, D., & Lane, J. (2022). The relationship between problematic internet use and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth: Specificity of the type of application and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 140, Article 107604.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li, Y., Li, Z., Sun, Q., & Xia, X. (2025). Problematic mobile phone use and depressive symptoms among rural and urban adolescents in China: A cross-lagged model of school connectedness as the mediating role and family functioning as the moderating role. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-025-01470-w

Li, Y., Lin, S., Yang, X., Sheng, J., Wang, L., Han, Y., et al. (2023). A vicious cycle: The reciprocal longitudinal relationship between social rejection, social avoidance, and smartphone addiction among adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22(5), 2583–2599.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li, S., Feng, N., & Cui, L. (2024). Network analysis of social anxiety and problematic mobile phone use in Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 155, 108026.

Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151–173.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, F., Wang, N., & Chen, L. (2021). Neuroticism and positive coping style as mediators of the association between childhood psychological maltreatment and social anxiety. Current Psychology, 42(13), 10935–10944.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, F., Zhang, Z., & Chen, L. (2020). Mediating effect of neuroticism and negative coping style in relation to childhood psychological maltreatment and smartphone addiction among college students in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 106, Article 104531.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu, J., Deng, J., Zhang, H., & Tang, X. (2023). The relationship between child maltreatment and social anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 329, 157–167.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma, S., Li, T., & Ma, Y. (2022). The effect of perceived discrimination to migrant children’s mobile phone addiction: A longitudinal study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30(6), 1313–1318.

Google Scholar 

Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 23–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar