Nelson A. Unequal treatment: confronting Racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(8). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.18.2487-b.

Benjamin GC, DeVoe JE, Amankwah FK. Ending unequal treatment and achieving optimal health for all. JAMA. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.14268.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cerdeña JP, Grubbs V, Non AL. Racialising genetic risk: assumptions, realities, and recommendations. Lancet. 2022;400(10368):2147–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02040-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson DJ, Stanton R, Sucharew H, et al. Racial disparities in stroke recurrence. Neurology. 2022;99(22). https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201225.

ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy. Am J Hum Genet. 2018;103(5):636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.011.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mersha TB, Abebe T. Self-reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Hum Genomics. 2015;9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-014-0023-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musemwa N, Gadegbeku CA. Hypertension in African Americans. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(12):129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-017-0933-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaeger BC, Chen L, Foti K, et al. Hypertension statistics for US adults: an open-source web application for analysis and visualization of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Hypertension. 2023;80(6):1311–20. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.20900.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ostchega Y, Fryar CD, Nwankwo T, Nguyen DT. Hypertension Prevalence Among Adults Aged 18 and Over: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;364:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Rethy L, Shah NS, Paparello JJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Khan SS. Trends in Hypertension-Related cardiovascular mortality in the united States, 2000 to 2018. Hypertension. 2020;76(3). https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15153.

Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke Statistics—2014 update. Circulation. 2014;129(3). https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80.

Ferdinand KC, Charbonnet RM, Laurent J. Eliminating hypertension disparities in U.S. non-Hispanic black adults: current and emerging interventions. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2023;38(4):304–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000001040.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson KE, Li H, Zhang M, et al. Cumulative systolic blood pressure and incident stroke type variation by race and ethnicity. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(5):e248502. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8502.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Godfrey TM, Cordova-Marks FM, Jones D, Melton F, Breathett K. Metabolic syndrome among American Indian and Alaska native populations: implications for cardiovascular health. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01178-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parker T, Kelley A, Cooeyate N, Tsosie N. Tribal perspectives on hypertension: results from the center for native American health native-CHART needs assessment. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319221144269.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Urhoghide E, Onyechi NP, Okobi OE, et al. A Cross-Sectional study of the trends in cardiovascular mortality among African Americans with hypertension. Cureus Published Online June. 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40437.

Adeyemo A, Gerry N, Chen G, et al. A genome-wide association study of hypertension and blood pressure in African Americans. PLoS Genet. 2009;5(7):e1000564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000564.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kidambi S, Ghosh S, Kotchen JM, et al. Non-replication study of a genome-wide association study for hypertension and blood pressure in African Americans. BMC Med Genet. 2012;13(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-13-27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cooper RS, Forrester TE, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Elevated hypertension risk for African-origin populations in biracial societies. J Hypertens. 2015;33(3):473–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000429.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akinyelure OP, Jaeger BC, Oparil S, et al. Social determinants of health and uncontrolled blood pressure in a national cohort of black and white US adults: the REGARDS study. Hypertension. 2023;80(7):1403–13. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20219.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abrahamowicz A, Ebinger J, Whelton SP, Commodore-Mensah Y, Yang E. Racial and ethnic disparities in hypertension: barriers and opportunities to improve blood pressure control. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023;25(1):17–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-022-01826-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang J, Zhao G, Wang G, Ayala C, Loustalot F. Insurance status among adults with hypertension—the impact of underinsurance. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004313.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Te Vazquez J, Feng SN, Orr CJ, Berkowitz SA. Food insecurity and cardiometabolic conditions: a review of recent research. Curr Nutr Rep. 2021;10(4):243–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-021-00364-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gu A, Yue Y, Desai RP, Argulian E. Racial and ethnic differences in antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003166.

Min LY, Islam RB, Gandrakota N, Shah MK. The social determinants of health associated with cardiometabolic diseases among Asian American subgroups: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07646-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akinseye OA, Williams SK, Seixas A, et al. Sleep as a mediator in the pathway linking environmental factors to hypertension: a review of the literature. Int J Hypertens. 2015;2015:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/926414.

Article  Google Scholar 

Modrek S, Cullen MR. Health consequences of the ‘Great recession’ on the employed: evidence from an industrial cohort in aluminum manufacturing. Soc Sci Med. 2013;92:105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trudel X, Brisson C, Milot A, Masse B, Vézina M. Adverse psychosocial work factors, blood pressure and hypertension incidence: repeated exposure in a 5-year prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(4):402–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204914.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang YC, Li T, Ji Y. Impact of social integration on metabolic functions: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study of US older adults. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1210. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1210.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marwaha K. Examining the role of psychosocial stressors in hypertension. J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):499–505. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.266.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization, Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

Gardner NJ. Treating hypertension in Black patients. JAAPA. 2022;35(2):15–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000791512.37549.64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. JAMA. 2014;311(5):507. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jamerson BD, Fillenbaum GG, Sloane R, Morey MC. A new method of identifying characteristics of needing help to take medications in an older representative community-dwelling population: the older adults medication assist scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(6):1195–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14166.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rabay CJ, Lopez C, Streuli S, Mayes EC, Rajagopalan RM, Non AL. Clinicians’