Serum vitamin D status in adults from Peshawar, Pakistan: local burden and public health implications from a hospital-based study

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357(3):266-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553

2. Gul A, Amir M, Arshad AR, Qayyum S, Khan AH, Sardar A. Association of vitamin D deficiency and type-2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2024;74(1):79-83. https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v74i1.8168

3. Mahar B, Shah T, Sadiq N, Mangi R, Warsi J, Abbas Q. Vitamin D deficiency prevalence in Pakistan: common, important, and neglected: a comprehensive meta-analysis. J Diabetol 2024;15(4):335-48. https://doi.org/10.4103/jod.jod_61_24

4. Riaz H, Finlayson AE, Bashir S, Hussain S, Mahmood S, Malik F, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan and implications for the future. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016;9(2):329-38. https://doi.org/10.1586/17512433.2016.1122519

5. Gupta A. Vitamin D deficiency in India: prevalence, causalities and interventions. Nutrients 2014;6(2):729-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020729

6. Aparna P, Muthathal S, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK. Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018;7(2):324-30. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_18

7. Man PW, van der Meer IM, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density in the Chinese population: a review. Arch Osteoporos 2016;11:14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-016-0263-7

8. Krzywanski J, Mikulski T, Krysztofiak H, Mlynczak M, Gaczynska E, Ziemba A. Seasonal Vitamin D Status in Polish Elite Athletes in Relation to Sun Exposure and Oral Supplementation. PLoS One 2016;11(10):e0164395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164395.

9. Siddiqee MH, Bhattacharjee B, Siddiqi UR, MeshbahurRahman M. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the South Asian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):1823. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11888-1.

10. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. https://doi.org/10.17226/13050

11. Lips P, van Schoor NM. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25(4):585-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.002

12. Zhang D, Cheng C, Wang Y, Sun H, Yu S, Xue Y, et al. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure and hypertension in the general population: an update meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Prev Chronic Dis 2020;17:E03. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.190307

13. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2006;296(23):2832-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.23.2832

14. Haider F, Ghafoor H, Hassan OF, Farooqui K, Bel Khair ABM, Shukri M. Vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: an update. Cureus 2023;15(11):e49734. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49734

15. Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Vitamin D supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: present and future. Nutrients 2017;9(9):1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091015

16. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014;144 Pt A:138-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003

17. Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res 2011;31(1):48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001

18. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 2009;20(11):1807-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6

19. Lips P, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Bianchi ML, et al. Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society. Eur J Endocrinol 2019;180(4):P23-54. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-18-0736

20. Hussain AN, Alkhenizan AH, El Shaker M, Raef H, Gabr A. Increasing trends and significance of hypovitaminosis D: a population-based study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arch Osteoporos 2014;9:190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-014-0190-4

21. Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Škrabáková Z, Gonzalez-Gross M, Valtueña J, De Henauw S, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103(4):1033-44. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120873

22. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67(2):373-8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-67-2-373

23. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(3):690-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.690

24. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(4):1080S-6S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080S

25. Arabi A, El Rassi R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries-prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6(10):550-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2010.146

Comments (0)

No login
gif