Ahn, J. K., Kim, Y., & Choi, K. H. (2019). The psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Korean version of GAD-7 and GAD-2. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00127
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revision; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Press. https://doi.org/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing (4th ed.). American Educational Research Association.
Armour, C., Tsai, J., Durham, T. A., Charak, R., Biehn, T. L., Elhai, J. D., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms: Support for a hybrid anhedonia and externalizing behaviors model. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012
Bardhoshi, G., Duncan, K., & Erford, B. T. (2016). Psychometric meta-analysis of the English version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(3), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12090
Barthel, D., Barkmann, C., Ehrhardt, S., Bindt, C., & International CDS Study Group. (2014). Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale in antepartum women from Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.004
Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014). Beyond generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometric properties of the GAD-7 in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), 547–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.002
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
Bockhop, F., Zeldovich, M., Cunitz, K., Van Praag, D., van der Vlegel, M., Beissbarth, T., Hagmeyer, Y., & von Steinbuechel, N. (2022). Measurement invariance of six language versions of the post-traumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 in civilians after traumatic brain injury. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20170-2
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Borgogna, N. C., Brenner, R. E., & McDermott, R. C. (2021). Genderuality and gender invariance of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7: Implications for 16 identity groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.069
Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
Breivik, E., & Olsson, U. (2001). Adding variables to improve fit: The effect of model size on fit assessment in Lisrel. In R. Cudeck, S. du Toit, & D. Sorbom (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Present and future (pp. 169–194). Scientific Software International.
Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Eck, K., & Quick, V. (2021). GAD-7, GAD-2, and GAD-mini: Psychometric properties and norms of university students in the United States. General Hospital Psychiatry, 69, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.002
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
De Man, J., Absetz, P., Sathish, T., Desloge, A., Haregu, T., Oldenburg, B., Johnson, L. C., Thankappan, K. R., & Williams, E. D. (2021). Are the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 suitable for use in India? A psychometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–14.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Journal for the Society for General Systems Research, 19(1), 1–15.
Dhira, T. A., Rahman, M. A., Sarker, A. R., & Mehareen, J. (2021). Validity and reliability of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) among university students of Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 16(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261590
Doi, S., Ito, M., Takebayashi, Y., Muramatsu, K., & Horikoshi, M. (2018). Factorial validity and invariance of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) among populations with and without self-reported psychiatric diagnostic status. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01741
Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2011). Quick and easy self-rating of generalized anxiety disorder: Validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.016
Erford, B. T. (2021). Assessment for counselors. Pearson.
Erford, B. T. (2025). Research and evaluation in counseling (3rd ed.). Cognella.
Erford, B. T., Johnson, E., & Bardhoshi, G. (2015). Meta-analysis of the English version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 49(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175615596783
García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., Freire, O., & Rejas, J. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-8
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Groves, D., Binasis, T., Wootton, B., & Moses, K. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Dimensional Scale in an Australian sample. PLoS ONE, 18(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286634
Henn, C., & Morgan, B. (2019). Differential item functioning of the CESDR-R and GAD-7 in African and White working adults. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1663
Hinz, A., Klein, A. M., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Wirkner, K., & Hilbert, A. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012
Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2010), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
Kirakosian, A. (2018). The psychometric properties of the GAD-7 with a sample of African American university students [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. California State University, Northridge.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th ed.). Guilford Press.
Konkan, R., Senormanci, O., Guclu, O., Aydin, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308
Lee, B., & Kim, Y. E. (2019). The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) among Korean university students. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2019.1691320
Lenz, A. S., Gómez Soler, I., Dell’Aquilla, J., & Uribe, P. M. (2017). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessments for use in counseling research. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 50(4), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1320947
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schelberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzog, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274.
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares, & J. J. McArdle (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics. A festschrift to Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275–340). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Martínez-Levy, G. A., Bermúdez-Gómez, J., Merlín-García, I., Flores-Torres, R. P., Nani, A., Cruz-Fuentes, C. S., Briones-Velasco, M., Ortiz-León, S., & Mendoza-Velásquez, J. (2021). After a disaster: Validation of PTSD checklist for DSM-5 and the four- and eight-item abbreviated versions in mental health service users. Psychiatry Research, 305, Article 114197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114197
Mills, S. D., Fox, R. S., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Champagne, B. R., & Sadler, G. R. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036523
Moreno, A. L., DeSousa, D. A., de Souza, A. M., & F. L. P., Manfro, G. G., Salum, G. A., Koller, S. H., Osório, F. dL., & Crippa, J. A. (2016). Factor structure, reliability, and item parameters of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the GAD-7 questionnaire. Temas Em Psicologia, 24(1), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2016.1-25
Moreno, E., Muñoz-Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., González-Blanch, C., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., Limonero, J. T., Moretti, L. S., Cano-Vindel, A., & Moriana, J. A. (2019). Factorial invariance of a computerized version of the GAD-7 across various demographic groups and over time in primary care patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 252, 114–121.
Comments (0)