Threat of zoonotic malaria and strategy to overcome in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) bordering Malaysian Borneo

1. Sato S. Plasmodium - a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology. J Physiol Anthropol 2021;40:1. doi: 10.1186/s40101-020-00251-9.

2. Gozalo AS, Robinson CK, Holdridge J, Franco-Mahecha OL, Elkins WR. Overview of Plasmodium spp. and animal models in malaria research. Comp Med 2024;74:205-30.

3. World Health Organization. World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

4. World Health Organization.World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.

5. Chin AZ, Maluda MCM, Jelip J, Jeffree MSB, Culleton R, Ahmed K. Malaria elimination in Malaysia and the rising threat of Plasmodium knowlesi. J Physiol Anthropol 2020;39:36. doi: 10.1186/s40101-020-00247-5.

6. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2021. [Indonesian health profile 2021]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2022. Indonesian.

7. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan tahunan 2022 malaria. [Annual malaria report 2022]. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia;2023. Indonesian.

8. World Health Organization. World Malaria Day 2023 - 25 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization;2023.

9. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2022. [Indonesian health profile 2022]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia;2023. Indonesian.

10. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2020. [Indonesian health profile 2020]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia;2021. Indonesian.

11. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kasus malaria di Indonesia 2024. [Malaria cases in Indonesia 2024]. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia;2024. Indonesian.

12. Figtree M, Lee R, Bain L, et al. Plasmodium knowlesi in human, Indonesian Borneo. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:672-4. doi: 10.3201/eid1604.091624.

13. Lubis IND, Wijaya H, Lubis M, et al. Contribution of Plasmodium knowlesi to multi-species human malaria infections in North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Infect Dis 2017;215:1148-55. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix091.

14. Herdiana H, Irnawati I, Coutrier FN, et al. Two clusters of Plasmodium knowlesi cases in a malaria elimination area, Sabang Municipality, Aceh, Indonesia. Malar J 2018;17:186. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2334-1.

15. Ompusunggu S, Dewi RM, Yuliawaty R, et al. Penemuan baru Plasmodium knowlesi pada manusia di Kalimantan Tengah [First finding of human Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases in Central Kalimantan]. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 2015;43:63-76. Indonesian.

16. Setiadi W, Sudoyo H, Trimarsanto H, et al. A zoonotic human infection with simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malar J 2016;15:218. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1272-z.

17. Yap NJ, Hossain H, Nada Raja T, et al. Natural human infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium inui, and 4 other simian malaria parasites, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27: 2187-91. doi: 10.3201/eid2708.204502.

18. Raja TN, Hu TH, Kadir KA, et al. Naturally acquired human Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi infections, Malaysian Borneo. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:1801-9. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.200343.

19. Grignard L, Shah S, Chua TH, William T, Drakeley CJ, Fornace KM. Natural human infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi and other malaria species in an elimination setting in Sabah, Malaysia. J Infect Dis 2019;220:1946-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz397.

20. Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Seethamchai S, et al. Cryptic Plasmodium inui and P. fieldi infections among symptomatic malaria patients in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2022;75:805-12. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab1060.

21. Imwong M, Madmanee W, Suwannasin K, et al. Asymptomatic natural human infections with the simian malaria parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi. J Infect Dis 2019;219: 695-702. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy519.

22. Sai-ngam P, Pidtana K, Suida P, et al. Case series of three malaria patients from Thailand infected with the simian parasite, Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malaria J 2022;21:142. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04167-w.

23. Ramasamy R. Zoonotic malaria - global overview and research and policy needs. Front Public Health 2014;2:123. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00123.

24. Ang JXD, Kadir KA, Mohamad DSA, et al. New vectors in northern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, for the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. Parasites Vectors 2020;13:472. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04345-2.

25. Conscious Explorer. Nature Highlights: Borneo – Wildlife wonderland of biodiversity;2025.

26. Singh B, Lee KS, Matusop A, et al. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 2004;363: 1017-24. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4.

27. Mahittikorn A, Masangkay FR, Kotepui KU, De Jesus Milanez G, Kotepui M. Quantification of the misidentification of Plasmodium knowlesi as Plasmodium malariae by microscopy: an analysis of 1569 P. knowlesi cases. Malaria J 2021;20:179. doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03714-1

28. Daneshvar C, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:852-60. doi: 10.1086/605439.

29. Grigg MJ, Lubis IN, Tetteh KKA, et al. Plasmodium knowlesi detection methods for human infections—diagnosis and surveillance. Adv Parasitol 2021;113:77-130. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.002

30. Slater L, Ashraf S, Zahid O, et al. Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2022;2:100086. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100086.

31. Bykersma A. The new zoonotic malaria: Plasmodium cynomolgi. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021;6:46.doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020046.32.

32. Tazi L, Ayala FJ. Unresolved direction of host transfer of Plasmodium vivax v. P. simium and P. malariae v. P. brasilianum. Infect Genet Evol 2011;11:209-21. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.007.

33. Nada-Raja T, Kadir KA, Divis PCS, Mohamad DSA, Matusop A, Singh B. Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina infected with zoonotic malaria parasites are widely distributed in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2022;12: 10476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14560-9.

34. Lim YA, Vythilingam I, editors. Parasites and their vectors: a special focus on Southeast Asia. Wien: Springer; 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1553-4.

35. Shahari S, Bin Abdullah ML, Binti Isman Rohimly AA, et al. The prevalence of simian malaria in wild long-tailed macaques throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Sci Rep 2024;14:6023. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54981-2.

36. Dixit J, Zachariah A, Sajesh PK, Chandramohan B, Shanmuganatham V, Karanth KP. Reinvestigating the status of malaria parasite (Plasmodium sp.) in Indian non-human primates. Plos Neglect Trop Dis 2018;12:e0006801. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006801.

37. Nada Raja T, Hu TH, Zainudin R, Lee KS, Perkins SL, Singh B. Malaria parasites of long-tailed macaques in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: a novel species and demographic and evolutionary histories. BMC Evol Biol 2018;18:49. doi: 10.1186/s12862-018-1170-9.

38. Ang JXD, Yaman K, Kadir KA, Matusop A, Singh B. New vectors that are early feeders for Plasmodium knowlesi and other simian malaria parasites in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2021;11:7739. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86107-3.

39. Ta TH, Hisam S, Lanza M, Jiram AI, Ismail NP, Rubio JM. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J 2014;13:68. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-68.

40. Bin Said I, Kouakou YI, Omorou R, et al. Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo? Parasites Vectors 2022;15:258. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05375-8

41. Woolley SD, Beeching NJ, Lalloo DG, Rajahramb GS. Is the rise of simian zoonotic malarias a public health problem caused by humans? A review of simian malaria in humans. IJID One Health 2023;1:100002. doi: 10.1016/j.ijidoh.2023.100002

42. Yunos NE, Sharkawi HM, Hii KC, et al. Spatio-temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sci Rep 2022;12:17284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21439-2

43. Cuenca PR, Key S, Jumail A, et al. Epidemiology of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in changing landscapes. Adv Parasitol 2021;113: 225-86. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.006.

44. Rustam R, Yasuda M, Tsuyuki S. Comparison of mammalian communities in a human-disturbed tropical landscape in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Mammal Study 2012;37:299-311. Doi: 10.3106/041.037.0404

45. Sulistyaningsih E, Fitri LE, Loscher T, Berens-Riha N. Diagnostic difficulties with Plasmodium knowlesi infection in humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:1033-4. doi: 10.3201/eid1606.100022.

46. Sugiarto S, Natalia D, Mohamad D, et al. A survey of simian Plasmodium infections in humans in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2022;12:18546. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21570-0.

47. Elyazar IR, Sinka ME, Gething PW, et al. The distribution and bionomics of Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes in Indonesia. Adv Parasitol 2013;83:173-266. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407705-8.00003-3.

48. Indriyati L, Andiarsa D, Hairani B, Paisal. Vektor malaria baru di Kabupaten Kotabaru, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. [New malaria vector in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Provine, Indonesia]. Vektora 2017;9:1-8. Indonesian.

49. Sugiarto, Hadi UK, Soviana S, Hakim L. Bionomics of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of Sungai Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Island − North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Acta Trop 2017;171:30-6. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.014.

50. Sugiarto SR, Baird JK, Singh B, Elyazar I, Davis TME. The history and current epidemiology of malaria in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malaria J 2022;21:327. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04366-5.

51. World Health Organization. World malaria report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020.

52. Divis PCS, Hu TH, Kadir KA, et al. Efficient surveillance of Plasmodium knowlesi genetic subpopulations, Malaysian Borneo, 2000-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:1392-8. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.190924.

53. Ooi CH, Phang WK, Liew JWK, Atroosh WM, Lau YL. Epidemiology of indigenous Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sarawak, 2011-2019. Trop Med Int Health 2022;27:705-18. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13788.

54. Brown R, Chua TH, Fornace K, Drakeley C, Vythilingam I, Ferguson HM. Human exposure to zoonotic malaria vectors in village, farm and forest habitats in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020;14:e0008617. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008617.

55. Cooper DJ, Rajahram GS, William T, et al. Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia, 2015-2017: ongoing increase in incidence despite near-elimination of the human-only Plasmodium Species. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70:361-7. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz237.

56. Hocking SE, Divis PCS, Kadir KA, Singh B, Conway DJ. Population genomic structure and recent evolution of Plasmodium knowlesi, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26: 1749-58. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.190864.

57. Phang WK, Hamid MHA, Jelip J, et al. Spatial and temporal analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:9271. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249271.

58. Barber BE, Rajahram GS, Grigg MJ, William T, Anstey NM. World malaria report: time to acknowledge Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Malar J 2017;16:135. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-1787-y.

59. Divis PC, Lin LC, Rovie-Ryan JJ, et al. Three divergent subpopulations of the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23: 616-24. doi: 10.3201/eid2304.161738.

60. Fornace KM, Herman LS, Abidin TR, et al. Exposure and infection to Plasmodium knowlesi in case study communities in Northern Sabah, Malaysia and Palawan, The Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12:e0006432. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006432.

61. Siner A, Liew ST, Kadir KA, et al. Absence of Plasmodium inui and Plasmodium cynomolgi, but detection of Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax infections in asymptomatic humans in the Betong division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Malar J 2017;16:417. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2064-9.

62. Divis PCS, Duffy CW, Kadir KA, Singh B, Conway DJ. Genome-wide mosaicism in divergence between zoonotic malaria parasite subpopulations with separate sympatric transmission cycles. Mol Ecol 2018;27:860-70. doi: 10.1111/mec.14477.

63. Hu TH, Rosli N, Mohamad DSA, et al. A comparison of the clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of two divergent subpopulations of Plasmodium knowlesi. Sci Rep 2021;11:20117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99644-8.

64. Ali R, Wan Mohamad Ali WN, Wilson Putit P. Updating the data on malaria vectors in Malaysia: protocol for a scoping review. JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e39798. doi: 10.2196/39798.

65. Muhammad AB, Azman EN, Eddie NA, Azmi NI, Yee VC, Idris ZM. The rise of Plasmodium knowlesi cases: Implication to Malaysia’s malaria-free status. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2022; 15:337-8. doi: 10.4103/1995-7645.353920

66. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Ikatan Dokter Indonesia, World Health Organizatiom. Buku saku tatalaksana kasus malaria. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia;2018.

67. Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia. National action plan for acceleration of malaria elimination 2020-2026 (revision) Jakarta: Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia; 2023.

Comments (0)

No login
gif