Sex differences in bladder cancer: understanding biological and clinical implications

Mungan NA, Aben KK, Schoenberg MP, Visser O, Coebergh J-WW, Witjes JA, Kiemeney LA. Gender differences in stage-adjusted bladder cancer survival. Urology. 2000;55(6):876–80.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(1):12–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaneko S, Li X. X chromosome protects against bladder cancer in females via a KDM6A-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Sci Adv. 2018;4(6):eaar5598. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5598.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stewart B, Wild CP. World cancer report 2014. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.

Google Scholar 

Tran L, Xiao JF, Agarwal N, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. Advances in bladder cancer biology and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(2):104–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-00313-1.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Moch H. Urinary and male genital tumours: WHO classification of tumours, vol. 8. Lyon: IARC Publications; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Warrick JI, Al-Ahmadie H, Berman DM, Black PC, Flaig TW, Höglund M, et al. International society of urological pathology consensus conference on current issues in bladder cancer. Working group 4: molecular subtypes of bladder cancer—principles of classification and emerging clinical utility. Am J Surg Pathol. 2024;48(1):e32–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamoun A, de Reynies A, Allory Y, Sjodahl G, Robertson AG, Seiler R, et al. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2020;77(4):420–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robertson AG, Kim J, Al-Ahmadie H, Bellmunt J, Guo G, Cherniack AD, et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cell. 2017;171(3):540–56.e25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eriksson P, Bernardo C, Hurst CD, Knowles MA, Sjödahl G, Liedberg F, Höglund M. The lund molecular taxonomy applied to non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. J Mol Diagn. 2022;24(9):992–1008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sjödahl G, Lauss M, Lövgren K, Chebil G, Gudjonsson S, Veerla S, et al. A molecular taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(12):3377–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kinde I, Munari E, Faraj SF, Hruban RH, Schoenberg M, Bivalacqua T, et al. TERT promoter mutations occur early in urothelial neoplasia and are biomarkers of early disease and disease recurrence in urine. Can Res. 2013;73(24):7162–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Necchi A, Anichini A, Raggi D, Briganti A, Massa S, Lucianò R, et al. Pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (PURE-01): an open-label, single-arm, phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(34):3353–60.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Necchi A, Raggi D, Gallina A, Ross JS, Farè E, Giannatempo P, et al. Impact of molecular subtyping and immune infiltration on pathological response and outcome following neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2020;77(6):701–10.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lotan Y, De Jong JJ, Liu VY, Bismar TA, Boorjian SA, Huang H-C, et al. Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer with nonluminal subtype derive greatest benefit from platinum based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Urol. 2022;207(3):541–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan WS, Sarpong R, Khetrapal P, Rodney S, Mostafid H, Cresswell J, et al. Can renal and bladder ultrasound replace computerized tomography urogram in patients investigated for microscopic hematuria? J Urol. 2018;200(5):973–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.04.065.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeGEORGE KC, Holt HR, Hodges SC. Bladder cancer: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(8):507–14.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flaig TW, Spiess PE, Abern M, Agarwal N, Bangs R, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Bladder cancer, version 3.2024: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2024;22(4):216–25.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Henning A, Wehrberger M, Madersbacher S, Pycha A, Martini T, Comploj E, et al. Do differences in clinical symptoms and referral patterns contribute to the gender gap in bladder cancer? BJU Int. 2013;112(1):68–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11661.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohn JA, Vekhter B, Lyttle C, Steinberg GD, Large MC. Sex disparities in diagnosis of bladder cancer after initial presentation with hematuria: a nationwide claims-based investigation. Cancer. 2014;120(4):555–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, Escrig JLD, et al. European association of urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and carcinoma in situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):75–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Witjes JA, Bruins HM, Carrion A, Cathomas R, Comperat E, Efstathiou JA, et al. European association of urology guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2023 guidelines. Eur Urol. 2024;85(1):17–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kamat AM, Witjes JA, Brausi M, Soloway M, Lamm D, Persad R, et al. Defining and treating the spectrum of intermediate risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 2014;192(2):305–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized southwest oncology group study. J Urol. 2000;163(4):1124–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, Groshen S, Feng A-C, Boyd S, et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1054 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(3):666–75.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Efstathiou JA, Spiegel DY, Shipley WU, Heney NM, Kaufman DS, Niemierko A, et al. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol. 2012;61(4):705–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundi D, Svatek RS, Nielsen ME, Schoenberg MP, Bivalacqua TJ. Extent of pelvic lymph node dissection during radical cystectomy: is bigger better? Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):159.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, Speights V, Vogelzang NJ, Trump DL, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(9):859–66.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

von der Maase H, Sengelov L, Roberts JT, Ricci S, Dogliotti L, Oliver T, et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4602–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellmunt J, De Wit R, Vaughn DJ, Fradet Y, Lee J-L, Fong L, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(11):1015–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Retz M, Siefker-Radtke A, Baron A, Necchi A, Bedke J, et al. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(3):312–22.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balar AV, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE, Powles T, Petrylak DP, Bellmunt J, et al. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. 2017;389(10064):67–76.

Comments (0)

No login
gif