Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Severe Hypertriglyceridemia

Fan W, Philip S, Granowitz C, Toth PP, Wong ND. Prevalence of US Adults with Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl: NHANES 2007–2014. Cardiol Ther. 2020;9(1):207–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gurevitz C, Chen L, Muntner P, Rosenson RS. Hypertriglyceridemia and Multiorgan Disease Among U.S. Adults. JACC Adv. 2024;3(5):100932.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christian JB, Bourgeois N, Snipes R, Lowe KA. Prevalence of severe (500 to 2,000 mg/dl) hypertriglyceridemia in United States adults. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(6):891–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Papachristou GI, Machicado JD, Stevens T, Goenka MK, Ferreira M, Gutierrez SC, et al. Acute pancreatitis patient registry to examine novel therapies in clinical experience (APPRENTICE): an international, multicenter consortium for the study of acute pancreatitis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017;30(1):106–13.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin M, Bai X, Chen X, Zhang H, Lu B, Li Y, et al. A 16-year trend of etiology in acute pancreatitis: The increasing proportion of hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis and its adverse effect on prognosis. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(6):947-953.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, Hegele RA. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):99–109c.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2014;384(9943):626–35.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Herink M, Ito MK. Medication Induced Changes in Lipid and Lipoproteins. Endotext. 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326739/table/lipid_medic.table1drug/

Jeon S, Carr R. Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2020;61(4):470–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van de Wiel A. The effect of alcohol on postprandial and fasting triglycerides. Int J Vasc Med. 2012;2012:862504.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ, Sacks F, Murad MH, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):2969–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kirkpatrick CF, Sikand G, Petersen KS, Anderson CAM, Aspry KE, Bolick JP, et al. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A Clinical Perspective from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2023;17(4):428–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, et al. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1–full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(2):129–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, Ballantyne CM, Birtcher KK, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(9):960–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019. 2018;139(25):e1082–143.

Google Scholar 

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–9.

Google Scholar 

Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Mercuri MF, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation. 2001;104(25):3046–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

AIM-HIGH Investigators; Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T, Chaitman BR, Desvignes-Nickens P, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(24):2255–67.

HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group; Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, Parish S, Aung T, et. al. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:203–12.

McKeage K, Keating GM. Fenofibrate: a review of its use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs. 2011;71(14):1917–46.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(20):1237–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(6):410–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9500):1849–61.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

ACCORD Study Group; Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR 3rd, Leiter LA, et. al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1563–74.

Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, Bash D, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2268–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):11–22.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PWF, Harris WS, Brinton EA, Kris-Etherton PM, Richter CK, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140(12):e673–91.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Orringer CE, Jacobson TA, Maki KC. National Lipid Association Scientific Statement on the use of icosapent ethyl in statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides and high or very-high ASCVD risk. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(6):860–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Pretis N, Amodio A, Frulloni L. Hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(5):649–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen SEJ, Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A. Hypertriglyceridemia-Associated Pancreatitis: New Concepts and Potential Mechanisms. Clin Chem. 2023;69(10):1132–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG, Sauer B, Yang A, Conwell DL, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines: Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119(3):419–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang AL, McNabb-Baltar J. Hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2020;20(5):795–800.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weintraub M, Rassin T, Eisenberg S, Ringel Y, Grosskopf I, Iaina A, et al. Continuous intravenous heparin administration in humans causes a decrease in serum lipolytic activity and accumulation of chylomicrons in circulation. J Lipid Res. 1994;35(2):229–38.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldberg AS, Hegele RA. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2589–96.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wong B, Ooi TC, Keely E. Severe gestational hypertriglyceridemia: A practical approach for clinicians. Obstet Med. 2015;8(4):158–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif