Sciascia S, et al. 16th International congress on antiphospholipid antibodies task force report on clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. 2021;30(8):1314–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbhaiya M, et al. The 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(10):1687–702.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xourgia E, Tektonidou MG. An update on antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022;23(12):84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duarte-García A, et al. The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1545–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dabit JY, et al. Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022;23(12):85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cervera R, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(4):1019–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, et al. Performance validation of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria in an antiphospholipid syndrome cohort. J Thromb Haemost. 2024;22(6):1660–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, et al. Assessment of the 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria in a Chinese cohort: Impact on clinical practice. J Autoimmun. 2024;146:103237.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cervera R, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):1011–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of central nervous system manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8915.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cervera R, et al. The Euro-Phospholipid project: epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in Europe. Lupus. 2009;18(10):889–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sciascia S, et al. The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in young adults with cerebrovascular events: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(11):2028–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asherson RA, Cervera R. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003;5(5):395–400.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asherson RA, Cervera R. The antiphospholipid syndrome: multiple faces beyond the classical presentation. Autoimmun Rev. 2003;2(3):140–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erkan D, Cervera R, Asherson RA. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: where do we stand? Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3320–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cervera R, et al. 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Lupus. 2020;29(12):1594–600.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cervera R, Rodríguez-Pintó I, Espinosa G. The diagnosis and clinical management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun. 2018;92:1–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Green D. Pathophysiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2022;122(7):1085–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knight JS, Kanthi Y. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis and vasculopathy in antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Immunopathol. 2022;44(3):347–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Radic M, Pattanaik D. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol. 2018;9:969.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raschi E, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis in 2023: an update of new mechanisms or just a reconsideration of the old ones? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(Si):Si4-si13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tohidi-Esfahani I, et al. Platelets and thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Med. 2024;13(3):741.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Ippolito S, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: new and old pathogenetic mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3195.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Ewaidat OA, Naffaa MM. Deciphering mechanisms, prevention strategies, management plans, medications, and research techniques for strokes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicines (Basel). 2024;11(7):15.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaspar P, Sciascia S, Tektonidou MG. Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: macro- and microvascular manifestations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(Si):Si24-si36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Grimshaw M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome-mediated acute cerebrovascular diseases and long-term outcomes. Lupus. 2022;31(2):228–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sevim E, et al. Characteristics of patients with antiphospholipid antibody positivity in the APS ACTION international clinical database and repository. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;74(2):324–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodrigues CE, Carvalho JF, Shoenfeld Y. Neurological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40(4):350–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zolyan A, Crawford JR. Brainstem stroke in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and triple antiphospholipid antibody profile. BMJ Case Rep. 2022;15(12):e254147.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Volkov I, et al. Profiles of criteria and non-criteria anti-phospholipid autoantibodies are associated with clinical phenotypes of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Auto Immun Highlights. 2020;11(1):8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silvis SM, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(9):555–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jerez-Lienas A, et al. Cerebral vein thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 27 patients and review of the literature. Brain Sci. 2021;11(12):1641.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ricarte IF, et al. Neurologic manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. 2018;27(9):1404–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleetwood T, Cantello R, Comi C. Antiphospholipid syndrome and the neurologist: from pathogenesis to therapy. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1001.

Article