Abstract

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) has shown associations with multiple cardiovascular disorders, including atrial fibrillation (AF). Similarly, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is gaining recognition as a potential prognostic factor in cardiovascular health. Although AF has been widely studied, much of the current research emphasizes individuals of White ethnicity, underscoring the need for further investigation across more ethnically diverse populations.

Methods: To address this gap, this study utilized a Korean hospital database to examine the association of AF with CRP and NLR in a Korean patient population. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 164 patients, equally divided between AF and normal sinus rhythm groups. CRP levels and NLR were measured using standard assays, and electrocardiography data confirmed AF diagnosis. Statistical analysis, including receiver operating characteristic curve evaluation, was performed to assess the discriminatory power of these biomarkers.

Results: Analysis of the study data revealed a significant difference in CRP levels between patients with AF and those with a normal sinus rhythm, indicating a pronounced inflammatory response associated with AF. Nevertheless, NLR did not demonstrate a significant difference between the AF and control groups.

Conclusion: While CRP could be a dependable marker for identifying inflammation in AF patients, NLR may not offer the same level of differentiation within this population. This study underscores the importance of evaluating inflammatory markers in AF within Korean individuals and highlights the need for broader, ethnicity-specific research in cardiovascular disease.

Introduction

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia observed in clinical practice, and its incidence has markedly risen over the past years. AF is independently associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, thus representing a major public health concern1. AF is a type of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by disorganized atrial activation and ineffective atrial contraction. Its electrocardiographic features include irregular R-R intervals (when atrioventricular conduction is intact), the lack of distinct P waves, and erratic atrial activity, often referred to as fibrillatory waves2. In normal cardiac rhythm, impulses are generated by the sinoatrial node and travel smoothly through the atria. AF, however, arises from electrophysiological disruptions that affect impulse generation or from structural irregularities within cellular connections that would otherwise support rapid, coordinated conduction. Commonly, AF originates from abnormal electrical activity triggered by ectopic action potentials, typically in the pulmonary veins of the left atrium, or through reentrant circuits facilitated by non-uniform conduction pathways due to interstitial fibrosis3. As the average age of the population continues to rise, the incidence of AF is also increasing. Recently, the prevalence of AF has also notably risen among young individuals, highlighting the need for further research.

The infiltration of proteins and immune cells that facilitate the inflammatory response within cardiac tissue and circulatory pathways is closely associated with AF. Inflammation is an essential biological process that mammals utilize in response to injuries as a means of protecting vulnerable tissue4. Markers of inflammation have been linked to various aspects of AF, including its onset, persistence, severity, recurrence following cardioversion, effectiveness of electrical cardioversion in cases of persistent AF, and the prothrombotic condition associated with the disease5. Inflammatory response mediators have the potential to alter structural substrates and atrial electrophysiology, thereby increasing susceptibility to AF. Additionally, inflammation influences calcium homeostasis and connexins, which are linked to the triggers of AF and the heterogeneity of atrial conduction6. Corroborating these findings, numerous meta-analyses provide compelling evidence that inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been effective in defining the degree of inflammation associated with AF7.

Peripheral blood CRP is an acute-phase protein, predominantly synthesized in hepatocytes, which acts as a prototype marker of inflammation8. CRP levels rise rapidly following the onset of inflammatory stimuli, making it a reliable biomarker for assessing inflammatory states in various clinical settings9. Elevated CRP levels have been widely utilized in clinical practice to detect, monitor, and predict the severity of numerous inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases10. AF is frequently associated with increased systemic inflammation11; such inflammation may not only be a consequence of AF but could also contribute to its onset and perpetuation12. The relevance of CRP in AF stems from its potential role in promoting atrial structural remodeling, fibrosis, and electrical abnormalities, which are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AF13. Several studies have examined the prognostic utility of blood CRP levels in patients with AF. Tanaka et al. found that an elevated CRP level was significantly associated with AF14.

The NLR is a readily accessible and cost-effective inflammatory marker derived from the differential count of neutrophils and lymphocytes in peripheral blood15. NLR reflects the balance between the innate immune response (represented by neutrophils) and adaptive immune response (represented by lymphocytes)16. As a marker of systemic inflammation, NLR has garnered attention for its potential role in AF17. Elevated NLR levels may reflect an inflammatory milieu conducive to the development and maintenance of AF, offering insights into the underlying inflammatory processes that contribute to this arrhythmia18. Consequently, NLR has been proposed as a potentially valuable biomarker for identifying patients at higher risk of AF and predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes in those with established AF19. Bhat et al.20 identified NLR as an independent indicator for predicting both short- and long-term mortality in individuals with acute coronary syndromes. Similarly, Buonacera et al.16 found that a high NLR was related to bacterial and fungal infection, acute myocarditis, and post-op complications. Shao et al. 21 showed that a high NLR was associated with an increased risk of AF occurrence/recurrence.

The potential to investigate the association between inflammation and AF based on inflammation marker levels, such as CRP, is of great interest to researchers. However, most previous studies have been conducted in White/Caucasian populations, limiting the generalizability of their findings to other ethnic groups22. Prior research on inflammatory markers in AF has largely overlooked Korean individuals, creating a gap in knowledge regarding how CRP and NLR function as biomarkers in this population.

To address this limitation, our study utilized a Korean hospital database to evaluate the association between AF and two key inflammatory markers, CRP and NLR, in a Korean cohort. By analyzing these markers within this specific ethnic group, we aim to enhance the understanding of inflammation-related AF pathogenesis in Koreans and assess whether CRP and NLR serve as effective biomarkers for AF within this demographic.

Methods Study Design

This retrospective study enrolled 82 patients with normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and 82 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who attended a doctor's appointment at a cardiovascular hospital in Seoul, Korea. This study adhered to the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from Dankook University’s ethics committee (DKU 2024-06-028-002). The need for informed consent was waived because only anonymized retrospective data were used.

Participant Selection

Individuals younger than 18 years, including middle and high school students, were excluded in alignment with Article 2, Paragraph 2, of the Regulations on the Implementation of Bioethics Law. The final group of 200 participants was randomly selected, without restrictions on age or sex. Additionally, pediatric cardiac interpretations were excluded, as they require consultation with pediatric doctors. Therefore, patients who visited the pediatric cardiology department were excluded from this study. To maintain the homogeneity of the study cohort, patients who were receiving or had a history of taking medications such as immunosuppressants, immunoglobulins, immunomodulators, NSAIDs, statins, and similar agents affecting the immune system were excluded from the study.

Electrocardiographic Evaluation

A 12-lead electrocardiograph (MAC5500HD) was used with all participants at rest in the supine position. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained from all participants were sent to the MUSE system for analysis. AF was identified based on standard 12-lead ECG criteria, including irregular R-R intervals, the absence of distinct P waves, and the presence of fibrillatory waves. To ensure the reliability of ECG interpretation, two independent board-certified cardiologists reviewed all ECGs. In cases of discrepancy, a third senior cardiologist provided adjudication to reach a consensus. This approach minimized interobserver variability and enhanced the accuracy of AF diagnosis. Additionally, all ECG findings were cross-referenced with documented physician-diagnosed AF history from follow-up surveys to confirm consistency.

Laboratory and Demographic Data

Biochemical parameters were measured using automated laboratory analyzers to ensure accuracy and reproducibility, with the aid of the Beckman Coulter LH-750 Hematology Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). The CRP levels were evaluated using standard methods. Anticoagulated whole blood samples were processed on Sysmex NX-9000 (TOA Medical Electronics Co., Kobe, Japan) to determine complete blood cell counts and differential leukocyte counts. The NLR was determined by dividing the absolute count of neutrophils by the absolute count of lymphocytes. To maintain analytical accuracy, the laboratory adhered to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for quality assurance. Additionally, both internal and external quality control programs were implemented, with participation in a national laboratory proficiency testing program to validate assay performance against standardized reference materials.

All statistical analyses were conducted using MedCalc 13.1.1.0 (Mariakerke, Belgium). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). For comparisons between the AF and NSR groups, independent t-tests were used to compare continuous variables, such as CRP levels and NLR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the discriminatory ability of CRP and NLR for distinguishing between AF and NSR. A p-value of

Results Clinical Characteristics of Patients with AF and NSR

A total of 164 patients were included in this study, with 82 patients in the AF group and 82 in the NSR group. The mean age of the AF group was significantly higher than that of the NSR group (71.5 ± 8.4 years vs. 61.3 ± 9.1 years; p

Table 1.

Main characteristics of the patients in both groups

Variables NSR (n = 82) AF (n = 82) Age (years) 61.341 71.548 Male (n) 41 44 Heart rate (bpm) 71.4 78.5 LVH (n) 3 10 RBBB (n) 1 7 LBBB (n) 0 3 LAFB (n) 0 3

Patients in the NSR group had an average heart rate of 71.4 beats per minute (bpm), while those in the AF group had a higher average heart rate of 78.5 bpm. A higher proportion of patients in the AF group (n = 10) presented with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) than in the NSR group (n = 3). In the NSR group, 1 patient had right bundle branch block (RBBB). The AF group had 7 patients with RBBB, 3 patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), and 3 with left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). No left-sided conduction abnormality was observed in the NSR group (Table 1).

In the NSR cohort, the clinical diagnoses included 16 individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD), 9 reporting chest discomfort, 3 with a history of myocardial infarction (MI), and 4 diagnosed with aortic stenosis. Additionally, 1 patient had undergone aortic valve replacement, 3 had mitral valve replacement, and 1 had tricuspid valve replacement. Heart failure was present in 6 individuals, cardiomyopathy in 4, and angina pectoris in 15. Tachycardia was noted in 9 patients, Takayasu disease in 1, hypertension in 6, and a history of cancer in 4. In the AF cohort, diagnoses were distributed as follows: 45 patients with AF, 2 with CAD, 7 with chest discomfort, 4 with MI, 5 with aortic stenosis, 8 with mitral valve replacement, 2 with tricuspid valve replacement, 5 with heart failure, 2 with cardiomyopathy, and 2 with angina pectoris (Table 2).

Table 2.

Patient diagnoses in both groups

Variables NSR (n = 82) AF (n = 82) Atrial fibrillation 0 45 Coronary artery disease 16 2 Chest discomfort 9 7 Myocardial Infarction 3 4 Aortic stenosis 4 5 Aortic valve replacement 1 0 Mitral valve replacement 3 8 Tricuspid valve replacement 1 2 Heart failure