López-Cheda A, Jácome M-A, Cao R, De Salazar PM. Estimating lengths-of-stay of hospitalised COVID-19 patients using a non-parametric model: a case study in Galicia (Spain). Epidemiol Infect. 2021;149:e102.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hazard D, Kaier K, von Cube M, Grodd M, Bugiera L, Lambert J, et al. Joint analysis of duration of ventilation, length of intensive care, and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a multistate approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20:1–9.

Google Scholar 

Li X, Pan X, Li Y, An N, Xing Y, Yang F, et al. Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Crit Care. 2020;24:1–16.

Google Scholar 

Ursino M, Dupuis C, Buetti N, de Montmollin E, Bouadma L, Golgran-Toledano D, et al. Multistate modeling of COVID-19 patients using a large multicentric prospective cohort of critically ill patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3):544.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins GS, Riley RD, Heinze G, Schuit E et al. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ. 2020;369.

Mertens E, Serrien B, Vandromme M, Peñalvo JL. Predicting COVID-19 progression in hospitalized patients in Belgium from a multi-state model. Front Med. 2022;9:1027674.

Google Scholar 

Clift AK, Coupland CA, Keogh RH, Diaz-Ordaz K, Williamson E, Harrison EM et al. Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study. BMJ. 2020;371.

Peñalvo JL, Genbrugge E, Mertens E, Sagastume D, van der Sande MA, Widdowson M-A, et al. Insights into the association of ACEIs/ARBs use and COVID-19 prognosis: a multistate modelling study of nationwide hospital surveillance data from Belgium. BMJ open. 2021;11(9):e053393.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deschepper M, Eeckloo K, Malfait S, Benoit D, Callens S, Vansteelandt S. Prediction of hospital bed capacity during the COVID– 19 pandemic. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):468.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Putter H, Fiocco M, Geskus RB. Tutorial in biostatistics: competing risks and multi-state models. Stat Med. 2007;26(11):2389–430.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peñalvo JL, Genbrugge E, Mertens E, Sagastume D, van der Sande MA, Widdowson M-A et al. Insights into the association of ACEIs/ARBs use and COVID-19 prognosis: a multistate modelling study of nationwide hospital surveillance data from Belgium. 2021;11(9):e053393.

Worldometer. Coronavirus age, sex, demographics (COVID-19). Worldometer; 2020.

Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–62.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Porcheddu R, Serra C, Kelvin D, Kelvin N, Rubino S. Similarity in case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China. J Infect Developing Ctries. 2020;14(02):125–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina F, Sanchis J, Bertomeu-González V, Fácila L, et al. The Effect of Age on Mortality in patients with COVID-19: a Meta-analysis with 611,583 subjects. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(7):915–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Almeida-Pititto B, Dualib PM, Zajdenverg L, Dantas JR, de Souza FD, Rodacki M, et al. Severity and mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:1–12.

Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, Anikhindi SA, Bansal N, Singla V, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews. 2020;14(4):535–45.

Google Scholar 

Du Y, Zhou N, Zha W, Lv Y. Hypertension is a clinically important risk factor for critical illness and mortality in COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(3):745–55.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Peña JE, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Ascencio-Montiel IJ, González-Figueroa E, Fernández-Gárate JE, Medina-Gómez OS, et al. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity, major risk factors for death in patients with COVID-19 in Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2021;52(4):443–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G, et al. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(10):1345–55.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, Chan L, Mathews KS, Melamed ML, et al. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(11):1436–47.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao C, Cai Y, Zhang K, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, et al. Association of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment with COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective observational study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2058–66.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li C, Islam N, Gutierrez JP, Gutiérrez-Barreto SE, Prado AC, Moolenaar RL, et al. Associations of diabetes, hypertension and obesity with COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health. 2023;8(12):e012581.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bepouka B, Situakibanza H, Sangare M, Mandina M, Mayasi N, Longokolo M, et al. Mortality associated with COVID-19 and hypertension in sub‐Saharan Africa. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2022;24(2):99–105.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He F, Quan Y, Lei M, Liu R, Qin S, Zeng J, et al. Clinical features and risk factors for ICU admission in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases. Aging Disease. 2020;11(4):763–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–71.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor E, Marson E, Elhadi M, Macleod K, Yu Y, Davids R, et al. Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(9):1224–32.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Presanis AM, Kunzmann K, Grosso FM, Jackson CH, Corbella A, Grasselli G et al. Risk factors associated with severe hospital burden of COVID-19 disease in Regione Lombardia: a cohort study. 2021;21:1–16.

Assessment, RRJSECfDP. Control. Increase in Fatal Cases of COVID-19 Among LongTerm Care Facility Residents in the EU/EEA and the UK. 2020.

Burton JK, Bayne G, Evans C, Garbe F, Gorman D, Honhold N et al. Evolution and effects of COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes: a population analysis in 189 care homes in one geographical region of the UK. 2020;1(1):e21–31.

Álvarez-Esteban PC, Del Barrio E, Rueda OM, Rueda CJPO. Predicting COVID-19 progression from diagnosis to recovery or death linking primary care and hospital records in Castilla Y León. (Spain). 2021;16(9):e0257613.

Google Scholar