[1] Luyster, F. S., Teodorescu, M., Bleecker, E., Busse, W., Calhoun, W., Castro, M., Chung, K. F., Erzurum, S., Israel, E., Strollo, P. J., & Wenzel, S. E. (2012). Sleep quality and asthma control and quality of life in nonsevere and severe asthma. Sleep and Breathing, 16(4), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011- 0616-8

[2] To, T., Stanojevic, S., Moores, G., Gershon, A. S., Bateman, E. D., Cruz, A. A., & Boulet, L. P. (2012). Global asthma prevalence in adults: Findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458- 12-204

[3] Song, P., Adeloye, D., Salim, H., Dos Santos, J. P., Campbell, H., Sheikh, A., & Rudan, I. (2022). Global, regional, and national prevalence of asthma in 2019: A systematic analysis and modelling study. Journal of Global Health, 12, 04052. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04052

[4] WORLDHEALTHRANKINGS. (n.d.). Sudan: Asthma. https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/sudan-asthma

[5] Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., Forno, E., Rodriguez- Martinez, C. E., & Celedón, J. C. (2016). Risk and protective factors for childhood asthma: What is the evidence? The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice, 4(6), 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.05.003

[6] Cazzoletti, L., Marcon, A., Corsico, A., Janson, C., Jarvis, D., Pin, I., Accordini, S., Bugiani, M., Cerveri, I., Gislason, D., Gulsvik, A., de Marco, R., & the Therapy and Health Economics Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. (2010). Asthma severity according to Global Initiative for Asthma and its determinants: An international study. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 151(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000232572

[7] Wong, K., Rowe, B., Douwes, J., & Senthilselvan, A. (2010). International prevalence of asthma and wheeze in adults: Results from the world health survey. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 181, A3117.

[8] Price, D., Fletcher, M., & van der Molen, T. (2014). Asthma control and management in 8,000 European patients: The REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and Experience (REALISE) survey. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 24, 14009. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.9

[9] Braido, F., Brusselle, G., Guastalla, D., Ingrassia, E., Nicolini, G., Price, D., Roche, N., Soriano, J. B., Worth, H.; LIAISON Study Group. (2016). Determinants and impact of suboptimal asthma control in Europe: International cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment of asthma control (LIAISON) study. Respiratory Research, 17(1), 51.

[10] Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). (2022). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/

[11] Zeiger, R. S., Schatz, M., Dalal, A. A., Qian, L., Chen, W., Ngor, E. W., Suruki, R. Y., & Kawatkar, A. A. (2016). Utilization and costs of severe uncontrolled asthma in a managed-care setting. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice, 4(1), 120–9.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.08.003

[12] Burr, M. L., Limb, E. S., Andrae, S., Barry, D. M., & Nagel, F. (1994). Childhood asthma in four countries: A comparative survey. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(2), 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.2.341

[13] Almqvist, C., Worm, M., Leynaert, B., & the Working Group of GA2LEN WP 2.5 Gender. (2008). Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: A GA2LEN review. Allergy, 63(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01524.x

[14] Postma, D. S. (2007). Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gender Medicine, 4(2), S133–S146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550- 8579(07)80054-4

[15] Hussein, S. E., & Ahmed, M. A. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors of asthma among Wad Medani basic school children, Gezira state, Sudan. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 12(3), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.97580

[16] Bjornson, C. L., & Mitchell, I. (2000). Gender differences in asthma in childhood and adolescence. The Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, 3(8), 57– 61.

[17] Horn, C. R., Clark, T. J. H., & Cochrane, G. M. (1990). Compliance with inhaled therapy and morbidity from asthma. Respiratory Medicine, 84, 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(08)80097-2

[18] Apter, A. J., Boston, R. C., George, M., Norfleet, A. L., Tenhave, T., Coyne, J. C., Birck, K., Reisine, S. T., Cucchiara, A. J., & Feldman, H. I. (2003). Modifiable barriers to adherence to inhaled steroids among adults with asthma: It’s not just black and white. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 111, 1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.1479

[19] Milgrom, H., Bender, B., Ackerson, L., Bowry, P., Smith, B., & Rand, C. (1996). Noncompliance and treatment failure in children with asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 98, 1051– 1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80190-4

[20] Bender, B., Wamboldt, F. S., O’Connor, S. L., Rand, C., Szefler, S., Milgrom, H., & Wamboldt, M. Z. (2000). Measurement of children’s asthma medication adherence by self report, mother report, canister weight, and Doser CT. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 85, 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62557-4

[21] Lasmar, L., Camargos, P., Champs, N. S., Fonseca, M. T., Fontes, M. J., Ibiapina, C., Alvim, C., & Moura, J. A. (2009). Adherence rate to inhaled corticosteroids and their impact on asthma control. Allergy, 64(5), 784–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398- 9995.2008.01877.x

[22] Cassino, C., Berger, K. I., Goldring, R. M., Norman, R. G., Kammerman, S., Ciotoli, C., & Reibman, J. (2000). Duration of asthma in the elderly. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 162(4), 1423–1428. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912140

[23] Al-Zahrani, J. M., Ahmad, A., Al-Harbi, A., Khan, A. M., Al-Bader, B., Baharoon, S., Shememeri, A. A., & Al-Jahdali, H. (2015). Factors associated with poor asthma control in the outpatient clinic setting. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 10, 100–104. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.152450

[24] Gebremariam, T. H., Binegdie, A. B., Mitiku, A. S., Ashagrie, A. W., Gebrehiwot, K. G., Huluka, D. K., Sherman, C. B., & Schluger, N. W. (2017). Level of asthma control and risk factors for poor asthma control among clinic patients seen at a Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 10, 558. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017- 2887-z

[25] Umoh, V. A., Ekott, J. U., Ekwere, M., & Ekpo, O. (2013). Asthma control among patients in Uyo South-Eastern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 27, 27. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6691.116611

[26] Braman, S. S. (2006). The global burden of asthma. Chest, 130(1), 4S–12S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.1_suppl.4S

[27] Demoly, P., Annunziata, K., Gubba, E., & Adamek, L. (2012). Repeated cross-sectional survey of patientreported asthma control in Europe in the past 5 years. European Respiratory Review, 21, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00008111

[28] Göksel, Ö., Çelik, G. E., Öner Erkekol, F., Güllü, E., Mungan, D., & Misirligil, Z. (2009). Triggers in adult asthma: Are patients aware of triggers and doing right? Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 37, 122– 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(09)71723-9

[29] Lemière, C., Bai, T., Balter, M., Bayliff, C., Becker, A., Boulet, L. P., Bowie, D., Cartier, A., Cave, A., Chapman, K., Cowie, R., Coyle, S., Cockcroft, D., Ducharme, F. M., Ernst, P., Finlayson, S., FitzGerald, J. M., Hargreave, F. E., Hogg, D.,... Markham, A. W., & the Canadian Adult Consensus Group of the Canadian Thoracic Society. (2004). Adult Asthma Consensus Guidelines update 2003. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 11(Suppl A), 9A–18A. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/271362

[30] Teach, S. J., Crain, E. F., Quint, D. M., Hylan, M. L., & Joseph, J. G. (2006). Improved asthma outcomes in a high-morbidity pediatric population: Results of an emergency departmentbased randomized clinical trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.5.535

[31] Kiljander, T., Poussa, T., Helin, T., Jaakkola, A., Venho, K., & Lehtimäki, L. (2020). Symptom control among asthmatics with a clinically significant smoking history: A cross-sectional study in Finland. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 20, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-1127-9

[32] Boulet, L.-P., FitzGerald, J. M., McIvor, R. A., Zimmerman, S., & Chapman, K. R. (2008). Influence of current or former smoking on asthma management and control. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 15, 275– 279. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/725074

[33] Braido, F., Brusselle, G., Guastalla, D., Ingrassia, E., Nicolini, G., Price, D., Roche, N., Soriano, J. B., & Worth, H. on behalf of the LIAISON Study Group. (2016). Determinants and impact of suboptimal asthma control in Europe: The international crosssectional and longitudinal assessment on asthma control (LIAISON) study. Respiratory Research, 17, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-016-0374-z

[34] Çolak, Y., Afzal, S., Nordestgaard, B. G., & Lange, P. (2015). Characteristics and prognosis of never-smokers and smokers with asthma in the Copenhagen General Population Study. A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 192, 172– 181. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201502-0302OC