Introduction: This study protocol specifies the primary research line and theoretical framework of the 2024 Survey of the Psychology and Behavior of the Chinese Population. It aims to establish a consistent database of Chinese residents' psychological and behavioral surveys through multi‐center and large‐sample cross‐sectional surveys to provide robust data support for developing research in related fields. It will track the public's physical and psychological health more comprehensively and systematically. Methods: The study was conducted from June 23, 2024 to September 29, 2024, using stratified and quota sampling methods. A total of 150 cities across 800 communities/villages were surveyed, selected from China (Despite extensive coordination, we have been unable to contact our counterparts in the Taiwan region of China to obtain relevant statistical data). The questionnaires were distributed to the public one‐on‐one and face‐to‐face by trained surveyors. The questionnaires included basic information about the individual, personal health status, basic information about the family, the social environment in which the individual lives, psychological condition scales, behavioral level scales, other scales, and attitudes towards topical social issues. Supervisors conducted quality control during the distribution process and returned questionnaires, logically checked and cleaned for data analysis. Discussion: Data collection has been finished, and scientific outputs based on this data will support the development of health promotion strategies in China and globally. In the aftermath of the pandemic, it will guide policymakers and healthcare organizations to improve their existing policies and services to maximize the physical and mental health of the Chinese population.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This project was established with the Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research of the National Health Commission(NHC-HEPR202401).

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

Yes

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

This study (H20240237I) has been approved by the SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Institutional Review Board for Human Research Protections. The cover page of the questionnaire will explicitly outline the study's objectives and ensure the preservation of anonymity, confidentiality, and the participants' right to decline participation. Informed consent has been duly acquired from all individuals involved in the study.

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All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors