Ferrisse TM, de Oliveira AB, Palaçon MP, Silva EV, Massucato EMS, de Almeida LY et al (2021) The role of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions. Immunobiology 226:152072

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mao F, Dong Y, Wang Z, Cai L, Pan D, Zhang C et al (2022) Direct immunofluorescence and immune function in patients with oral lichen planus. J Dent Sci 17:795–801

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korkitpoonpol N, Kanjanabuch P (2023) Direct immunofluorescence cannot be used solely to differentiate among oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesion, and oral epithelial dysplasia. J Dent Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2023.01.025

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, González-Moles MÁ, Kerr AR et al (2021) Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO collaborating centre for oral cancer. Oral Dis 27:1862–1880

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warnakulasuriya S (2020) Oral potentially malignant disorders: a comprehensive review on clinical aspects and management. Oral Oncol 102:104550

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaturvedi AK, Udaltsova N, Engels EA, Katzel JA, Yanik EL, Katki HA et al (2020) Oral leukoplakia and risk of progression to oral cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 112:1047–1054

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stojanov IJ, Woo S-B (2022) Malignant transformation rate of non-reactive oral hyperkeratoses suggests an early dysplastic phenotype. Head Neck Pathol 16:366–374

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Warnakulasuriya S (2021) Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 5 years. Oral Dis 27:1881–1895

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dost F, Lê Cao K, Ford PJ, Ades C, Farah CS (2014) Malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia: a real-world evaluation of histopathologic grading. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 117:343–352

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nogami T, Kuyama K, Yamamoto H (2003) Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia, with special reference to apoptosis-related gene products and proliferative activity. Acta Otolaryngol 123:767–775

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho MW, Risk JM, Woolgar JA, Field EA, Field JK, Steele JC et al (2012) The clinical determinants of malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Oncol 48:969–976

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warnakulasuriya S, Ariyawardana A (2016) Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review of observational studies. J Oral Pathol Med 45:155–166

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conway C, Graham JL, Chengot P, Daly C, Chalkley R, Ross L et al (2015) Elucidating drivers of oral epithelial dysplasia formation and malignant transformation to cancer using RNAseq. Oncotarget 6:40186–40201

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Zhang J, Xu F-P, Wang Y-G, Xie Z, Su J et al (2019) Genomic landscape and immune microenvironment features of preinvasive and early invasive lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 14:1912–1923

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yagyuu T, Hatakeyama K, Imada M, Kurihara M, Matsusue Y, Yamamoto K et al (2017) Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor microenvironment: implications for patients with oral precancerous lesions. Oral Oncol 68:36–43

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goertzen C, Mahdi H, Laliberte C, Meirson T, Eymael D, Gil-Henn H et al (2018) Oral inflammation promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Oncotarget 9:29047–29063

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horsman MR, Vaupel P (2016) Pathophysiological basis for the formation of the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 6:66

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flores-Hidalgo A, Murrah V, Fedoriw Y, Padilla RJ (2019) Relationship of infiltrating intraepithelial T lymphocytes in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus versus oral epithelial dysplasia: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 127:e123–e135

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Bae JS (2016) Tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils in tumor microenvironment. Mediators Inflamm 2016:6058147

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dave K, Ali A, Magalhaes M (2020) Increased expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in oral lesions progressing to oral squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Sci Rep 10:9705

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel SP, Kurzrock R (2015) PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 14:847–856

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akhtar M, Rashid S, Al-Bozom IA (2021) PD-L1 immunostaining: what pathologists need to know. Diagn Pathol 16:94

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Odell E, Kujan O, Warnakulasuriya S, Sloan P (2021) Oral epithelial dysplasia: recognition, grading and clinical significance. Oral Dis 27:1947–1976

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng YSL, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S (2016) Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 122:332–354

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM et al (2000) Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 25:25–29

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas PD, Ebert D, Muruganujan A, Mushayahama T, Albou LP, Mi H (2022) PANTHER: making genome-scale phylogenetics accessible to all. Protein Sci 31:8–22

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aleksander SA, Balhoff J, Carbon S, Cherry JM, Drabkin HJ et al (2023) The gene ontology knowledgebase in 2023. Genetics 2023:224

Google Scholar 

Newman AM, Steen CB, Liu CL, Gentles AJ, Chaudhuri AA, Scherer F et al (2019) Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. Nat Biotechnol 37:773–782

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen YP, Wang YQ, Lv JW, Li YQ, Chua MLK, Le QT et al (2019) Identification and validation of novel microenvironment-based immune molecular subgroups of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: implications for immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 30:68–75

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sathasivam HP, Kist R, Sloan P, Thomson P, Nugent M, Alexander J et al (2021) Predicting the clinical outcome of oral potentially malignant disorders using transcriptomic-based molecular pathology. Br J Cancer 125:413–421

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nikitakis NG, Pentenero M, Georgaki M, Poh CF, Peterson DE, Edwards P et al (2018) Molecular markers associated with development and progression of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: Current knowledge and future implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 125:650–669

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Group YM (2014) Immunological phenotypes of premalignant oral lesions and the immune shifts with the development of head and neck cancer. Austin J Otolaryngol 1:7

Google Scholar 

Danaher P, Warren S, Dennis L, D’Amico L, White A, Disis ML et al (2017) Gene expression markers of tumor infiltrating leukocytes. J Immunother Cancer 5:18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP et al (2007) Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:777–789

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Au J, Patel D, Campbell JH (2013) Oral lichen planus. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 25(93–100):vii

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alves MGO, Balducci I, Carvalho YR, Nunes FD, Almeida JD (2015) Oral lichen planus: a histopathological study. Histopathology 66:463–464

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wenig BM (2017) Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: dysplasia and select variants. Mod Pathol 30:S112–S118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA (2014) Histologic lichenoid features in oral dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 117:511–520

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar