Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16157765. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404.

Marjani A, Hezarkhani S, Shahini N. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Fars ethnic women in North East of Iran. World J Med Sci. 2012;7(1):17-22. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52204786.pdf.

Shahini N, Shahini I, Marjani A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Turkmen ethnic groups in Gorgan. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(9):1849-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24179879. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809618. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/6035.3331.

Marjani A, Shahini N. Age related metabolic syndrome among Fars ethnic women in Gorgan, Iran. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2013;30 (30):929-35.

Marjani A, Moghasemi S. The metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women in Gorgan. Biomed Res. 2012;2012:953627. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22518135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/953627.

Sarbijani HM, Khoshnia M, Marjani A. The association between Metabolic Syndrome and serum levels of lipid peroxidation and interleukin-6 in Gorgan. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(1 Suppl 1):S86-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2015.09.024.

Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. JAMA. 2002;288(21):2709-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460094. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.21.2709.

Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Salpea KD, Mikhailidis DP. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in various populations. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(6):362-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17570989. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318065c3a1.

Balkau B, Vernay M, Mhamdi L, et al. The incidence and persistence of the NCEP (National Cholesterol Education Program) metabolic syndrome. The French D.E.S.I.R. study. Diabetes Metab. 2003;29(5):526-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14631330. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70067-8.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, et al. Metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indian adults-a population study using modified ATP III criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003; 60(3):199-204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12757982. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00060-3.

Cameron AJ, Shaw JE and Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004;33(2):351-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15158523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005.

The Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research Council. Distribution of some risk factors for atherosclerosis in nine Italian population samples. Am J Epidemiol. 1981; 113(3):338-46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7468586. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113102.

Meigs JB. Invited commentary: Insulin resistance syndrome? Syndrome X? Multiple metabolic syndrome? A syndrome at all? Factor analysis reveals patterns in the fabric of correlated metabolic risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:908-11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11092432. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/152.10.908.

Hanley AJ, Karter AJ, Williams K, et al. Prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus with alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation, 2005;112(24):3713–21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344402. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.559633.

Banks P, Helle K. The release of protein from the stimulated adrenal medulla. Biochem J. 1965;97(3):40C–1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5881651. PMCID: PMC1264782. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0970040c.

Blaschko H, Comline RS, Schneider FH, et al. Secretion of a chromaffin granule protein, chromogranin, from the adrenal gland after splanchnic stimulation. Nature. 1967;215(5096):58-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6053402. https://doi.org/10.1038/215058a0.

Schneider FH, A.D. Smith AD, Winkler H. Secretion from the adrenal medulla: biochemical evidence for exocytosis. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1967;31(1):94–104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6058830. PMCID: PMC1557278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01980.x.

Taupenot L, Harper KL, O’Connor DT. The chromogranin–secretogranin family. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(12):1134–49. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646671. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021405.

Takiyyuddin MA, Parmer RJ, Kailasam MT, et al. Chromogranin A in human hypertension: influence of heredity. Hypertension, 1995;26(1):213–20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7607727. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.26.1.213.

Estensen ME, Hognestad A, Syversen U, et al. Prognostic value of plasma chromogranin A levels in patients with complicated myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2006;152(5):927.e1–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17070161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.05.008.

Jansson AM, Røsjø H, Omland T, et al. Prognostic value of circulating chromogranin A levels in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(1):25–32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19028779. PMCID: PMC2639087. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn513.

Groop L, Orho-Melander M. The dysmetabolic syndrome. J Intern Med. 2001;250(2):105-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11489060. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00864.x.

Tatemoto K, Efendic S, Mutt V, Makk G, Feistner GJ, Barchas JD. Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion. Nature. 1986; 324(6096):476–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3537810. https://doi.org/10.1038/324476a0.

Gonzalez-Yanes C, Sanchez-Margalet V. Pancreastatin modulates insulin signaling in rat adipocytes: mechanisms of cross-talk. Diabetes. 2000; 49(8):1288–94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10923627. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.8.1288.

Wen G, Mahata SK, Cadman P, et al. Both rare and common polymorphisms contribute functional variation at CHGA, a regulator of catecholamine physiology. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;7492):197–207. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14740315. PMCID: PMC1181918. https://doi.org/10.1086/381399.

Močnik M, Varda NM. Cardiovascular risk factors in children with obesity, preventive diagnostics and possible interventions. Metabolites. 2021;11(8):551-69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34436493. PMCID: PMC8398426. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080551.

Simunovic M, Supe Domic D, Karin Z, et al. Serum catestatin concentrations are decreased in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(5):549-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30714297. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12825.

Mahapatra NR, Ghosh S, Mahata M, et al. Naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms in human Chromogranin A (CHGA) gene: Association with hypertension and associated diseases. In: Chromogranins: from Cell Biology to Physiology and Biomedicine: Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58338-9_12.

Kogawa EM, Grisi DC, Falcão DP, et al. Salivary function impairment in type 2 Diabetes patients associated with concentration and genetic polymorphisms of chromogranin A. Clin Oral Investig. 2016; 20(8):2083-95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26750135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1705-z.

Zhang K, Mir SA, Hightower CM, et al. Molecular mechanism for hypertensive renal disease: Differential regulation of chromogranin a expression at 3′-untranslated region polymorphism C+ 87T by MicroRNA-107. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 26(8):1816-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25392232. PMCID: PMC4520173. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014060537.

Liu JL, Chen XY, Gu NN, et al. Correlation study on chromogranin A genetic polymorphism and prognosis of critically ill patients. J Crit Care. 2017;39:137-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28254729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.02.015.

O'Connor DT, Kailasam MT, Kennedy BP, Ziegler MG, Yanaihara N, Parmer RJ. Early decline in the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in humans at genetic risk of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2002;20(7):1335-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12131530. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200207000-00020.

Mahapatra NR, O'Connor DT, Vaingankar SM, et al. Hypertension from targeted ablation of chromogranin A can be rescued by the human ortholog. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(7):1942-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16007257. PMCID: PMC1159140. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI24354.

Chen Y, Rao F, Rodriguez-Flores JL, et al. Common genetic variants in the chromogranin A promoter alter autonomic activity and blood pressure. Kidney Int. 2008;74(1):115–25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18432188. PMCID: PMC2576285. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.113.

Chang M, Dahl ML, Tybring G, Gotharson E, Bertilsson L. Use of omeprazole as a probe drug for CYP2C19 phenotype in Swedish Caucasians: comparison with S-mephenytoin hydroxylation phenotype and CYP2C19 genotype. Pharmacogenetics. 1995;5(6):358-63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8747407. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199512000-00004.

Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Salpea KD, Mikhailidis DP. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in various populations. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(6):362-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17570989. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318065c3a1.

Mahata SK, Corti A. Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2019;1455(1):34–58. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31588572. PMCID: PMC6899468. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14249.

Herold Z, Doleschall M, Kovesdi A, Patocs A, Somogyi A. Chromogranin A and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Endokrynol Pol. 2018;69(5):598-610. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30074235. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2018.0052.

D’amico MA, Ghinassi B, Izzicupo P, Manzoli L, Di Baldassarre A. Biological function and clinical relevance of chromogranin A and derived peptides. Endocr Connect. 2014;3(2): R45-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24671122. PMCID: PMC5395093. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0027.

Bandyopadhyay GK, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A regulation of obesity and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28228748. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00020.

Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131(4):e29-322. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25520374. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152.

Mearinia, L, Zucchia A, Scarponia E, et al. Correlation between age and Chromogranin A determination in prostate diseases. Cancer Biomark. 2011-2012;10(3-4):117-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22674297. https://doi.org/10.3233/CBM-2012-0237.

Ahmed A, Turner G, King B, et al. Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumours With Liver Metastases: Results of the UKINETS Study. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009; 16(3):885–94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19458024. https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-09-0042.

Manaf MRA, Nawi AM, Tauhid NM, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors among staffs in a Malaysian public university. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8132. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854087. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87248-1.

Sahu BS, Sonawane PJ, Mahapatra, NR. Chromogranin A: A novel susceptibility gene for essential hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67(6):861–74. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19943077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0208-y.

Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC. The surging role of chromogranin A in cardiovascular homeostasis. Front Chem. 2014;2:64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25177680. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2014.00064.

Rao F, Chiron S, Wei Z, et al. Genetic variation within a metabolic motif in the chromogranin A promoter: pleiotropic influence on cardiometabolic risk traits in twins. Am. J. Hypertens. 2012;25(1):29–40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918574. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664223. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2011.163.

Chandalia M, Grundy SM, Adams-Huet B, Abate N. Ethnic differences in the frequency of ENPP1/PC1 121Q genetic variant in the Dallas Heart Study cohort. J Diabetes Complications. 2007;21(3):143-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17493546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.11.003.

Fesinmeyer MD, North KE, Ritchie MD, et al. Genetic risk factors for BMI and obesity in an ethnically diverse population: Results from the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology (PAGE) study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(4):835–46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23712987. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482415. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20268.

Ioannidis JP, Ntzani EE, Trikalinos TA. 'Racial’ differences in genetic effects for complex diseases. Nat Genet. 2004;36(12):1312–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15543147. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1474.

Lan Q, Shen M, Garcia-Rossi D, et al. Genotype frequency and F ST analysis of polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes in Chinese and Caucasian populations. Immunogenetics. 2007;59(11):839–52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17938902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-007-0253-3.

Spielman RS, Bastone LA, Burdick JT, Morley M, Ewens WJ, Cheung,VG. Common genetic variants account for differences in gene expression among ethnic groups. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):226–31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206142. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005333. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1955.

Chen Y, Rao F, Rodriguez-Flores JL, et al. Naturally occurring human genetic variation in the 3’-untranslated region of the secretory protein chromogranin A is associated with autonomic blood pressure regulation and hypertension in a sex-dependent fashion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(18):1468-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017515. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.047.

Subramanian L, Khan AA, Allu PKR, et al. A haplotype variant of the human chromogranin A gene (CHGA) promoter increases CHGA expression and the risk for cardiometabolic disorders. J Biol Chem.. 2017; 292(34): 13970 –85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28667172. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5572921. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.778134.

Friese RS, Gayen JR, Mahapatra NR, Schmid-Schönbein GW, O’Connor DT, Mahata SK. Global metabolic consequences of the chromogranin A-null model of hypertension: Transcriptomic detection, pathway identification, and experimental verification. Physiol Genomics. 2010; 40: 195–207. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952279. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825767. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00164.2009.

McBride P. Triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008; 10: 386–90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18706279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-008-0060-9.