Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A (1990) The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 98:380–386

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riss S, Weiser FA, Schwameis K et al (2012) The prevalence of hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Colorectal Dis 27:215–220

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salgueiro P, Garrido M, Santos RG, Pedroto I, Castro-Pocas FM (2022) Polidocanol foam sclerotherapy versus rubber band ligation in hemorrhoidal disease grades I/II/III: randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 65:e718–e727

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis BR, Lee-Kong SA, Migaly J, Feingold DL, Steele SR (2018) The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 61:284–292

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallo G, Martellucci J, Sturiale A et al (2020) Consensus statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloproctol 24:145–164

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gallo G, Ronconi M, Trompetto M (2021) Sclerotherapy with 3% polidocanol foam: revolutionizing outpatient treatment in patients with haemorrhoidal disease. Updates Surg 73:2029–2030

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tarasconi A, Perrone G, Davies J et al (2021) Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 16:48

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hachiro Y, Kunimoto M, Abe T, Kitada M, Ebisawa Y (2011) Aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA) injection as the mainstay of treatment for internal hemorrhoids. Surg Today 41:806–809

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamana T (2017) Japanese practice guidelines for anal disorders I. Hemorrhoids. J Anus Rectum Colon 1:89–99

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCloud JM, Jameson JS, Scott AN (2006) Life-threatening sepsis following treatment for haemorrhoids: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 8:748–755

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barwell J, Watkins RM, Lloyd-Davies E, Wilkins DC (1999) Life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 42:421–423

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lobascio P, Laforgia R, Novelli E et al (2021) Short-term results of sclerotherapy with 3% polidocanol foam for symptomatic second- and third-degree hemorrhoidal disease. J Invest Surg 34:1059–1065

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosa B (2019) Polidocanol foam: a breath of fresh air for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. GE Port J Gastroenterol 26:153–154

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moser KH, Mosch C, Walgenbach M et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam in comparison with fluid sclerosant in the treatment of first-grade haemorrhoidal disease: a randomised, controlled, single-blind, multicentre trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 28:1439–1447

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nastasa V, Samaras K, Ampatzidis C et al (2015) Properties of polidocanol foam in view of its use in sclerotherapy. Int J Pharm 478:588–596

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallo G, Picciariello A, Pietroletti R et al (2022) Sclerotherapy with 3% polidocanol foam to treat second-degree haemorrhoidal disease: three-year follow-up of a multicentre, single arm, IDEAL phase 2b trial. Colorectal Dis. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.16380

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barker TH, Stone JC, Sears K et al (2023) The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. JBI Evid Synth 21:494–506

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moser KH (2007) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of polidocanol foam in the sclerotherapy of first degree bleeding haemorrhoids. Phlebol Rev (Przeglad Flebologiczny) 15:103–106

Google Scholar 

Ambrose NS, Morris D, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR (1985) A randomized trial of photocoagulation or injection sclerotherapy for the treatment of first- and second-degree hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 28:238–240

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khoury GA, Lake SP, Lewis MC, Lewis AA (1985) A randomized trial to compare single with multiple phenol injection treatment for haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 72:741–742

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gartell PC, Sheridan RJ, McGinn FP (1985) Out-patient treatment of haemorrhoids: a randomized clinical trial to compare rubber band ligation with phenol injection. Br J Surg 72:478–479

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Senapati A, Nicholls RJ (1988) A randomised trial to compare the results of injection sclerotherapy with a bulk laxative alone in the treatment of bleeding haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 3:124–126

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varma JS, Chung SC, Li AK (1991) Prospective randomised comparison of current coagulation and injection sclerotherapy for the outpatient treatment of haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 6:42–45

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaspersen D, Koerner T, Schorr W, Hammar CH (1993) Proctoscopic doppler ultrasound in diagnostics and treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 36:942–945

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanellos I, Goulimaris I, Christoforidis E, Kelpis T, Betsis D (2003) A comparison of the simultaneous application of sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation, with sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation applied separately, for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a prospective randomized trial. Colorectal Dis 5:133–138

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan N, Malik MA (2006) Injection sclerotherapy versus electrocoagulation in the management outcome of early haemorrhoids. J Pak Med Assoc 56:579–582

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuksel BC, Armagan H, Berkem H, Yildiz Y, Ozel H, Hengirmen S (2008) Conservative management of hemorrhoids: a comparison of venotonic flavonoid micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) and sclerotherapy. Surg Today 38:123–129

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Awad AE, Soliman HH, Saif SA, Darwish AM, Mosaad S, Elfert AA (2012) A prospective randomised comparative study of endoscopic band ligation versus injection sclerotherapy of bleeding internal haemorrhoids in patients with liver cirrhosis. Arab J Gastroenterol 13:77–81

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah B, Dudhamal TS (2018) Efficacy of Apamarga Kshara application and sclerotherapy in the management of Arsha (1(st) and 2(nd) degree piles) - an open-labeled, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ayu 39:213–219

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abiodun AA, Alatise OI, Okereke CE, Adesunkanmi AK, Eletta EA, Gomna A (2020) Comparative study of endoscopic band ligation versus injection sclerotherapy with 50% dextrose in water, in symptomatic internal haemorrhoids. Niger Postgrad Med J 27:13–20

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shafi ASHF, Hamayunkhan M, Ahmad T, Mahmood K (2021) Compare the effectiveness of 5% phenol almond oil versus polidocanol sclerotherapy in patients with second degree hemorrhoids. Pak J Med Health Sci 15(2):730–732

Google Scholar 

Neves S, Falcao D, Povo A, Castro-Pocas F, Oliveira J, Salgueiro P (2023) 3% polidocanol foam sclerotherapy versus hemorrhoidal artery ligation with recto anal repair in hemorrhoidal disease grades II-III: a randomized, pilot trial. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 115:115–120

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mishra S, Sahoo AK, Elamurugan TP, Jagdish S (2020) Polidocanol versus phenol in oil injection sclerotherapy in treatment of internal hemorrhoids: a randomized controlled trial. Turk J Gastroenterol 31:378–383

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takano M, Iwadare J, Ohba H et al (2006) Sclerosing therapy of internal hemorrhoids with a novel sclerosing agent. Comparison with ligation and excision. Int J Colorectal Dis 21:44–51

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tokunaga Y, Sasaki H (2013) Impact of less invasive treatments including sclerotherapy with a new agent and hemorrhoidopexy for prolapsing internal hemorrhoids. Int Surg 98:210–213

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yano T, Asano M, Tanaka S, Oda N, Matsuda Y (2014) Prospective study comparing the new sclerotherapy and hemorrhoidectomy in terms of therapeutic outcomes at 4 years after the treatment. Surg Today 44:449–453

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yano T, Yano K (2015) Comparison of injection sclerotherapy between 5% phenol in almond oil and aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid for grade 3 hemorrhoids. Ann Coloproctol 31:103–105

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomiki Y, Aoki J, Motegi S et al (2019)