Hidalgo M. Pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1605–17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0901557.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Velázquez P, Muller X, Malleo G, Park JS, Hwang HK, Napoli N, et al. Benchmarks in pancreatic surgery: a novel tool for unbiased outcome comparisons. Ann Surg. 2019;270:211–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003223.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abu Hilal M, Layfield DM, Di Fabio F, Arregui-Fresneda I, Panagiotopoulou IG, Armstrong TH, et al. Postoperative chyle leak after major pancreatic resections in patients who receive enteral feed: risk factors and management options. World J Surg. 2013;37:2918–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-013-2171-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furukawa A, Furukawa K, Suzuki D, Yoshitomi H, Takayashiki T, Kuboki S, et al. Effect of immunonutrition on infectious complications in low skeletal muscle mass patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:103–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.032.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Assumpcao L, Cameron JL, Wolfgang CL, Edil B, Choti MA, Herman JM, et al. Incidence and management of chyle leaks following pancreatic resection: a high volume single-center institutional experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:1915–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0619-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabchouri N, Frampas E, Marques F, Blanchard C, Jirka A, Regenet N. Chylous ascites management after pancreatic surgery. World J Surg. 2017;41:1054–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-016-3772-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heckler M, Mihaljevic AL, Winter D, Zhou Z, Liu B, Tanaka M, et al. Escherichia coli Bacterobilia is associated with severe postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24:1802–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-019-04325-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Zhang Z, Lin B, Feng W, Meng F, Shi X. Relationship between early oral intake post pancreaticoduodenectomy and chyle leakage: a retrospective cohort study. J Invest Surg. 2021;34:575–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2019.1663378.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paiella S, De Pastena M, Casciani F, Pan TL, Bogoni S, Andrianello S, et al. Chyle leak after pancreatic surgery: validation of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery classification. Surgery. 2018;164:450–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2018.05.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strobel O, Brangs S, Hinz U, Pausch T, Hüttner FJ, Diener MK, et al. Incidence, risk factors and clinical implications of chyle leak after pancreatic surgery. Br J Surg. 2017;104:108–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10316.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhardwaj R, Vaziri H, Gautam A, Ballesteros E, Karimeddini D, Wu GY. Chylous ascites: a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018;6:105–13. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klotz R, Kuner C, Pan F, Feißt M, Hinz U, Ramouz A, et al. Therapeutic lymphography for persistent chyle leak after pancreatic surgery. HPB (Oxf). 2022;24:616–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2021.09.019.

Article  Google Scholar 

Besselink MG, van Rijssen LB, Bassi C, Dervenis C, Montorsi M, Adham M, et al. Definition and classification of chyle leak after pancreatic operation: a consensus statement by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery. Surgery. 2017;161:365–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.06.058.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuboki S, Shimizu H, Yoshidome H, Ohtsuka M, Kato A, Yoshitomi H, et al. Chylous ascites after hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. Br J Surg. 2013;100:522–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9013.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morón FE, Szklaruk J. Learning the nodal stations in the abdomen. Br J Radiol. 2007;80:841–8. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/64292252.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loukas M, Wartmann CT, Louis RG, Tubbs RS, Salter EG, Gupta AA, et al. Cisterna chyli: a detailed anatomic investigation. Clin Anat. 2007;20:683–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20485.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Gaag NA, Verhaar AC, Haverkort EB, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ. Chylous ascites after pancreaticoduodenectomy: introduction of a grading system. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:751–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.07.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shyr BU, Shyr BS, Chen SC, Shyr YM, Wang SE. Chyle leakage after robotic and open pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Hepatob Pancreat Sci. 2020;27:273–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.716.

Article  Google Scholar 

Varghese C, Wells CI, Lee S, Pathak S, Siriwardena AK, Pandanaboyana S. Systematic review of the incidence and risk factors for chyle leak after pancreatic surgery. Surgery. 2022;171:490–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2021.07.021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scholten L, Latenstein AEJ, van Eijck C, Erdmann J, van der Harst E, Mieog JSD, et al. Outcome and long-term quality of life after total pancreatectomy (PANORAMA): a nationwide cohort study. Surgery. 2019;166:1017–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2019.07.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakamoto T, Okui N, Suzuki F, Hamura R, Shirai Y, Haruki K, et al. Daily triglyceride output volume as an early predictor for chyle leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy. In Vivo. 2021;35:1271–6. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12378.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vailas M, Sotiropoulou M, Benetatos N, Mulita F, Maroulis I, Germanos S. Chyle leak after major pancreatic surgery. Is this an underestimated complication? A narrative review of the literature. J Buon. 2021;26:1747–53.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sommer CM, Pieper CC, Itkin M, Nadolski GJ, Hur S, Kim J, et al. Conventional lymphangiography (CL) in the management of postoperative lymphatic leakage (PLL): a systematic review. RöFo. 2020;192:1025–35. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1131-7889.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kortes N, Radeleff B, Sommer CM, Bellemann N, Ott K, Richter GM, et al. Therapeutic lymphangiography and CT-guided sclerotherapy for the treatment of refractory lymphatic leakage. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25:127–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.10.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar