1H.B. Ellison is director of student wellness and associate professor of surgery and palliative care, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania.

2C.J. Grabowski is associate dean for admissions and enrollment management and associate professor of medical education, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.

3M. Schmude is associate provost for admissions, enrollment management, and financial aid and associate professor of medical education, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania.

4J.B. Costa was senior selection research analyst, Admissions and Selection Research and Development, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC, at the time of the study.

5B. Naemi is director, Admissions and Selection Research, Admissions and Selection Research and Development, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC.

6M. Schmidt is professor of biochemistry and nutrition, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine Program, Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences Program, and Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences Program, Des Moines University Medicine and Health Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa.

7D. Patel is associate dean for admissions, University of Minnesota Medical School, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

8M. Westervelt was director, Educational Assessment, Scholarship, Improvement, and Innovation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, at the time of the study. She is currently assistant dean for accreditation & educational assessment, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.

Correspondence should be addressed to Bobby Naemi, Association of American Medical Colleges, 655 K St. NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20001; e-mail: [email protected].

Supplemental digital content for this article is available at https://links.lww.com/ACADMED/B481.

Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank Aileen Dowden from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), Admissions and Selection Research and Development, for her contributions to the analyses, results, tables, and figures. The authors also wish to thank the research partners and admissions staff at each Professional Readiness Exam (PREview) research partner school for help securing the data and for their continued engagement and fostering stakeholder support.

Funding/Support: This project was supported by the AAMC as part of their routine operating budget.

Other disclosures: B. Naemi is an employee of the AAMC, and Joe Costa was an employee of the AAMC at the time of the writing of this article.

Ethical approval: This study was reviewed by the AAMC Human Subjects Research Protection Program and was approved by the institutional review board of the American Institutes for Research (FWA00001666).

Previous presentations: A subset of these data were previously presented at Learn Serve Lead 2022, Nashville, Tennessee, November 11–15, 2022, and Learn Serve Lead 2021, virtual, November 8–10, 2021.