Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet. 2012;379(9827):1728–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palejwala NV, Jia Y, Gao SS, Liu L, Flaxel CJ, Hwang TS, et al. Detection of nonexudative choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2015;35(11):2204–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steinmetz JD, Bourne RR, Briant PS, Flaxman SR, Taylor HR, Jonas JB, et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to Sight: an analysis for the global burden of Disease Study. The Lancet Global Health. 2021;9(2):e144–e60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Di Carlo E, Augustin AJ. Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15).

Heesterbeek TJ, Lorés-Motta L, Hoyng CB, Lechanteur YT, den Hollander AI. Risk factors for progression of age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40(2):140–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prenner JL, Halperin LS, Rycroft C, Hogue S, Liu ZW, Seibert R. Disease burden in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration: findings from a time-and-motion study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(4):725–31. e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flaxman SR, Bourne RR, Resnikoff S, Ackland P, Braithwaite T, Cicinelli MV, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(12):e1221–e34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu T, Wang B, Liu H, Wang H, Yin P, Dong W, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(12):e682–e91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Review WP. The Middle East Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) 2021 [cited 2021 5 June]. Available from: https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/the-middle-east-population.

Manoochehry S, Rasouli H. Iranian population policy and aging: new health concerns. Int J Travel Med Glob Health. 2017;5(2):70–1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Noroozian M. The elderly population in Iran: an ever growing concern in the health system. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(2):1.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research ed). 2021;372:n71.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tyrer S, Heyman B. Sampling in epidemiological research: issues, hazards and pitfalls. BJPsych Bull. 2016;40(2):57–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Afarid M, Molavi Vardanjani H, Mahdaviazad H, Alamolhoda M, Farahangiz S. Visual impairment prevalence, causes, and role of healthcare access: a systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;2020.

Lab GD. Subnational Human Development Index (4.0) [cited 2021 5 June]. Available from: https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/.

Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Volume 5. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research ed). 2003;327(7414):557–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Population Prospects PD., United Nations [Internet]. Population.un.org 2021 [cited 2021 December 18]. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/.

Akhgary M, Ghassemi BM, Aghazadeh AM, Tabatabaee SM. Prevalence of preventable causes of low vision in different ages and genders. 2014.

Ashrafi E, Mohammadi SF, Katibeh M, Ghaderi E, Alinia C, Nourmohammadi N, et al. Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness in Kurdistan, Iran. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019;14(2):179–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behboudi H, Nikkhah H, Alizadeh Y, Katibeh M, Pakbin M, Ahmadieh H, et al. A Population-based study on the prevalence and Associated factors of age-related Macular Degeneration in Northern Iran the Gilan Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2020;27(3):209–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Mohammad K, Jalali KH. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Tehran: the Tehran Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(6):740–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hashemi H, Ghafari E, Khabazkhoob M, Noori J, Taheri A, Eshghabadi A, et al. Age-related macular degeneration in an Iranian population. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2015;26(4):203–11.

Google Scholar 

Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Nabovati P, Ostadimoghaddam H, Shafaee S, Doostdar A, et al. The prevalence of Age-Related Eye Disease in an Elderly Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(4):222–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Saatchi M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Yekta A. Visual impairment and blindness in a population-based study of Mashhad, Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018;30(2):161–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hatef E, Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Mohammad K, Jalali KH. Prevalence of retinal Diseases and their pattern in Tehran: the Tehran eye study. Retina (Philadelphia Pa). 2008;28(5):755–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katibeh M, Behboudi H, Moradian S, Alizadeh Y, Beiranvand R, Sabbaghi H, et al. Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness and Diabetic Retinopathy in Gilan Province, Iran. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(6):381–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katibeh M, Pakravan M, Yaseri M, Pakbin M, Soleimanizad R. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in Central Iran; the Yazd Eye Study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2015;10(3):279–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nodehi MA, Goodarzian M, Azadi F, Nasiri A, Hosseini SM, Mosallanezhad Z et al. Prevalence of eye disorders in elderly population of Tehran, Iran. 2015.

Rajavi Z, Katibeh M, Ziaei H, Fardesmaeilpour N, Sehat M, Ahmadieh H, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Iran. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(9):1812–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rasoulinejad SA, Zarghami A, Hosseini SR, Rajaee N, Rasoulinejad SE, Mikaniki E. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration among the elderly. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(3):141–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Riazi A, Parhizgar SYH. Causes of low vision and patient preference for different types of visual Aids: a pilot study. Visual Impairment Research. 2005;7(42038):85–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharifi A, Sharifi H, Karamouzian M, Daneshtalab E, Daneshtalab A. Visual Fitness of Public Vehicle Drivers in Southeast of Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(6):705–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shirzadi K, Mehrabi Bahar M, Makateb A, Khosravifard K. Epidemiological study of common ocular disorders in the Islamic republic of Iran army ground forces and their families. Pakistan J Med Health Sci. 2020;14(2):1249–53.

Google Scholar 

Yekta A, Hashemi H, Ostadimoghaddam H, Shafaee S, Norouzirad R, Radaye-Moghaddam S, et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among the elderly of Sari, 2011. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2013;25(4):262–9.

Google Scholar 

Jonas JB, Cheung CMG, Panda-Jonas S. Updates on the epidemiology of age-related Macular Degeneration. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2017;6(6):493–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and Disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(2):e106–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song P, Du Y, Chan KY, Theodoratou E, Rudan I. The national and subnational prevalence and burden of age-related macular degeneration in China. J Global Health. 2017;7(2):020703.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vanderbeek BL, Zacks DN, Talwar N, Nan B, Musch DC, Stein JD. Racial differences in age-related macular degeneration rates in the United States: a longitudinal analysis of a managed care network. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(2):273–82. e3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuo JZ, Wong TY, Ong FS. Genetic risk, ethnic variations and pharmacogenetic biomarkers in AMD and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2013;8(2):127–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joachim N, Mitchell P, Younan C, Burlutsky G, Cheng C-Y, Cheung CMG, et al. Ethnic variation in early age-related macular degeneration lesions between white australians and Singaporean asians. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(7):4421–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Wu J, Yu X, Tang Y, Tang X, Shentu X. Regional differences in the global burden of age-related macular degeneration. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, Piault E, Evans C, Zlateva G, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2010;10:31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raman R, Pal S, Ganesan S, Gella L, Vaitheeswaran K, Sharma T. The prevalence and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in rural–urban India, Sankara Nethralaya Rural–Urban Age-related Macular degeneration study. Rep No 1 Eye. 2016;30(5):688–97.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Piermarocchi S, Segato T, Scopa P, Masetto M, Ceca S, Cavarzeran F, et al. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Italy (PAMDI) study: report 1. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2011;18(3):129–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor A, Wellenius G. Rural–urban disparities in the prevalence of Diabetes and coronary Heart Disease. Public Health. 2012;126(10):813–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coughlin SS, Clary C, Johnson JA, Berman A, Heboyan V, Benevides T, et al. Continuing challenges in rural health in the United States. J Environ Health Sci. 2019;5(2):90.

PubMed  PubMed Central