From the Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (J.D.F., A.K.), Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Acute Care Surgery (Z.M.B.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; HealthPartners Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine (P.A.C.), Bloomington, Minnesota; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (P.A.C., M.L.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (P.A.C.), Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, Minnesota; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (J.G.E.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; and Center for Trauma and Critical Care (T.R., T.W.W.), Department of Surgery (T.R., S.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.

Submitted: May 18, 2023, Revised: May 19, 2023, Accepted: May 29, 2023, Published online: September 19, 2023.

This study was presented at the annual meeting of the Chest Wall Injury Society, April 27–29th, 2023, in Charlotte, NC.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Joseph D. Forrester, MD, MSc, H3591, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; email: [email protected].